Who Is The African - American Women What Value Does She

Who is the African - American women ? What value does she hold in the Black community? Is she a simple submissive puppet that has no voice? Is she simply an object used to do work and make babies? Or is she physically, mentally, and emotionally weaker than her opposite sex, which means she can never be called an equal? In society, we are faced with different forms of designations and descriptions that lead to the establishment of a person s identity. These identities would entail gender inequality, race, ethnicity, economic background, and religion. Identities are used to oppress individuals making it nearly impossible to overcome the obstacles that are insinuated with these traits. Overcoming any of these identities is an epic feat and†¦show more content†¦Dubois’ message of equal rights, in his book entitled The Souls of Black Folk, was hindered due to his lack of consistency on the inclusion of women during the civil rights movement. Many times, we hear about the cruelties that African Americans face because of slavery and racism. However, our education system has failed us on narrating the actual monstrosities that took place. It is known that blacks were less than actual humans this can be seen through the three-fifths clause in the constitution. However, we quickly forget that originally when African people came to America they were called â€Å"Savages† (Azevedo 482) this term became the identity of the slaves in America. They were viewed as subhuman, simple beings, and that they needed guidance to function. The fate of African-American female slaves were victims of â€Å"rape and sexual violence...and African American women have borne the children of their beloved and the children of their oppressors.† (Azevedo 485) â€Å"The idea that black women were only unacceptable to look at and fit...to serve a white man in his fields or in his bed.† (Azevedo 485) This let the African American wom en know that their bodies and the babies that came from their bodies belonged to their masters and they were not worthy enough to have control over their own being. In the 1970s, the case of Joanne Little where a young woman was put into prison, but during her stay, a whiteShow MoreRelatedThe Continuous Injustice And Discrimination Have Served1667 Words   |  7 Pagesserved as a motivation for African Americans to create a voice for themselves. Although protests could be visualized as marches and sit-ins, they were not limited to these methods. African American writers made sure to create a space for themselves to protest and convince with their words and emotions put into their pieces.African American literature comprises of the African American culture itself. Works that fall into this genre focus on the hardships that African-American have and continue to faceRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Beneatha In A Raisin In The Sun1487 Words   |  6 PagesCharacter Analysis â€Å" A Raisin in the Sun† is a play written by Lorraine Hansberry about the life of an African American family during the era of segregation. The play starts off with the Younger family receiving a 10,000 dollar check from Mr. Younger’s insurance policy. The family argues over what they are going to do with it. Mama wants to buy a house with it, Walter wants to invest in a liquor store, and Beneatha wants to use the money to go to medical school. The contrast of the characters’ personalitiesRead MoreGender Labeling And Gender Stereotypes1551 Words   |  7 Pagesto the overflowing, constant reminder of what each gender looks like and how each should act. The article entitled, â€Å"Gendered Media: The Influence of Media on Views of Gender† is about the three themes that influence gender stereotyping. Given the themes, it is revealed that the U.S is a male subjugated culture and that the female is viewed as obscure. The underrepresentation of women is the primary distortion of reality says the author Julia Wood as she states the first of three themes. The secondRead MoreThe Journal Of Negro History Essay1680 Words   |  7 Pages What I am analyzing about this research paper, I am going to talk about the African American Culture and the story am going to bring up is called Everyday use and an Literary Criticism called â€Å"The Journal Of Negro History†. First am going to talk about â€Å"Everyday Use† which it talks about a character girl name Dee saying she is reclaiming her heritage but she really actually rejecting it more violently than ever and by doing that she doesn t see how important her family cul ture is. On theRead MoreDiscrimination, Anti Feminism, And Gender Inequality1455 Words   |  6 PagesInequality In Films Women power has increased throughout the 20th and 21st century by means of statutory laws, legislative ascending, and Civil Rights Movements. Gender and race has been the target of numerous discriminatory laws that have persisted throughout time. Two major films have portrayed the endurance of women on issues of gender discrimination and discriminatory laws. The Color Purple, based on the same novel by Alice Walker, discusses the suffering of African American women through anti-feminismRead MoreAn Analysis Of Sojourner Truths Ar Nt A Woman?1680 Words   |  7 Pagesthe 19th century, black women faced a plethora of hardships culminating from hundreds of years of oppression and denigration while simultaneously fighting for equal rights with all other women. One of the biggest obstacles that was necessary to overcome was one of the most common ideologies of the West, the Cult of True Womanhood. This Victorian ideal of womanhood defined women within a domestic sphere and required th em to be subservient to their husbands (Broude). These women gave up much more thanRead MoreThe Pursuit Of The American Dream1250 Words   |  5 Pagesof the American Dream in A Raisin in the Sun The American Dream embodies the ideals of freedom, equality, and opportunity. However, there are several interpretations of the American Dream because the idea explores the personal values of individuals. The differentiation between priorities and contrasting views of success amongst individuals can often effect how one defines the American Dream. In A Raisin in the Sun, written by Lorraine Hansberry, the play addresses the struggles of African AmericansRead MoreAfrican American Women Have Suffered From Psychological And Physical Oppression1561 Words   |  7 PagesFor years, African American Women have suffered from psychological and physical oppression. During Enslavement, Black women were treated worse than men. They had no control over their bodies and were used as tools for the white slave owners’ enjoyment. Submission was expected, and therefore any form of resistance would have led to a series of whippings. Unfortunately, the abuse was not only received from the slave masters, but from the mistresses as well. Filled with envy, they would verbally andRead MoreThe Double-Fold Oppression Of Intersectionality. The American1642 Words   |  7 PagesThe Double-Fold Oppression of Intersectionality The American nation has long served as a battlefield for whites and their social norms versus African Americans and their native cultures. Although successful in previous years in acquiring basic civil rights, the early 20th century signified the African American downfall as their white foes discovered a new source of perilous power. From the early to mid-1900s, white backlash increased with the passing of legislature to segregate blacks, most prominentlyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Everyday Use 1207 Words   |  5 PagesIn the reading, Everyday Use, there are three characters who all seem to be different, but are from the same bloodline. Though this story can be interpreted to have a lot of meaning, I am going to use this story uses this story to signify characterization, comparing the women in the story, introducing each characters motives of life, and also the meaning of Family Heritage for African Americans. Walker, who is the author of this piece, includes a woman in the stor y referring to her as, Mama. The

Society of Blake An Analysis of William Blakes Most...

Society of Blake (An Analysis of the Poet William Blake) William Blake is one of the greatest Romantic writers of his time period, and his works are still being read and interpreted today. He wrote in ways that had not been seen before, in two different parts. One part would be the opposite of the other, covering both sides of story and it was a very invigorating new and improved way to write, that paved the way to the future. The first passage, â€Å"The Lamb† is a very great beautiful story, speaking from a child who is talking to a small lamb. This child is asking the lamb about where he came from, and what actually made him, or if he really even knows it is a statement for the innocence in the world. The next poem being, â€Å"The Tyger† is the exact opposite off innocence, the experience or ferocity, it describes a giant tiger, expressing how a tiger stays in the darkness of the forest, its eyes burning bright and fearless. The one poem that Blake wrote to protest child labor laws in England during his time period was, à ¢â‚¬Å"The Chimney Sweeper† where a small child expresses what a daily life of a chimney sweep entails. It starts with a small child describing what happened to his family that put him in the Chimney Sweeping business, then it goes to describing how another child is crying because of having all of his hair cut off. But the biggest impact that is thrown into this passage, is that of the child’s dream, in this dream, all of the death around him from hisShow MoreRelatedIn Many Ways, Poetry Has The Ability To Shape The Minds1226 Words   |  5 Pagescertain subject. Throughout the ages, poets and writers have been a part of social and political change due to the written works presented to the public. One such poet was William Blake. His poetry has inspired much change in both the past and the present. An analysis of â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper,† one of Blake’s most popular works, can help many to understand the significance of his work in a time period when soci al riot was visible in the public’s eyes. By exploring the writing style, structure and imageryRead MoreEnglish Preromanticism: William Blake3403 Words   |  14 PagesPreromanticism: William Blake Term Paper Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. M. Ã…  idlauskas 2008 CONTENTS Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...............3 1. William Blake-a forerunner of English Romanticism 1 William Blake-a social critic of his own time†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 2 William Blake’s ideas and the Modern World†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 2. â€Å"Songs of innocence and of Experience†-the most popular W.Blake’s poem book 1 The social significance of W. Blake’s work†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8Read MoreThe Unification Of Innocence And Experience1933 Words   |  8 Pagessources believe it is â€Å"essential† to understand the historical contexts of William Blake’s lifetime in order to accurately interpret Songs of Innocence and of Experience (Blake 23). I present opposing questions to this theory: (1) why is it necessary to try and adopt a perceptional adaptation of Blake’s historical perspective in order to comprehend and interpret his work; (3) is Songs of Innocence and of Experience a timeless work of art that remains relevant two hundred and twenty-one years after itsRead MoreCumnor in the 1860s: How Far Did Dependence on Agriculture Shape Its Social Structure?5543 Words   |  23 Pagesof cottages or huts perhaps they might be called’ the writer continued, ‘ ..Cumno r is at best a poor squalid place.’ Though lacking the intensity of urban life famously described by Engels (1844), Cumnor epitomizes aspects of a sharply polarised society with a land-less rural working class. This paper considers the relationship between the economic foundation of a Berkshire parish and its ‘social structure’ (ie the pattern of social stratification and the practices and expectations underlying it)Read MoreMetamorphoses Within Frankenstein14861 Words   |  60 PagesFrankenstein’s lif e, Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometh eus passes, like night, from land to land and w ith stang ely ad aptable powers of speech addresses itself to a critical aud ien ce that is larger and mor e diverse than that of almo st any oth er work of liter atur e in Eng lish : Mary Shelley’s Franken stein is famously reinterpretable. It can be a late v ersion of th e Faust my th, or an ear ly version of the mo dern myth of the mad scientist; the id on the ramp age, th e proletariat running Read MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesThe LIS Education and Human Resource Utilization Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 The Organizational Framework for Staffing . . . . . . . . . 216 Job Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Job Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Job Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Recruitment and Hiring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Filling Vacant Positions

Essay on Environmental Consequences of Nuclear Weapons Use

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Nuclear weapons have a long-lasting and devastating effect on the world for many years after an initial explosion. Fallout from United States atmospheric testing from 1945 to 1963 killed an estimated 70,000 to 800,000 people worldwide. People who have worked in the early nuclear weapons programs have been exposed to significant amounts of radiation (Schwartz 395). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When a nuclear weapon goes off, there are four basic types of explosions: air bursts, surface blast, subsurface burst, and high altitude burst. An air burst occurs when a weapon is detonated at a height so the fireball does not reach the surface of the earth (Effects Nuclear Explosions). When the shock wave hits the†¦show more content†¦A blast like this could create an intense electromagnetic pulse (EMP) which will destroy anything electronic (Effects Nuclear Explosions). The blast wave is formed from very high temperatures and moves away from the center of the ground-zero. While expanding, the peaks pressure decreases, and the propagation goes down from the supersonic speed. Most of the destruction from a nuclear blast is from the blast effects. The range of the blast will determine the explosive yield of the weapon (5.0 Effects Nuclear Weapons). There are many sources for nuclear radiation such as initial radiation, residual radiation, and fallout. About 5% of all of the energy from a nuclear explosion are in the form of initial radiation. Intensity from the blast will go down very rapidly with distance from the blast, because of the large area fallout will travel. Residual radiation comes in three forms: fission products, unfissioned nuclear material, and neutron-induced activity. There are more than 300 fission products. Most of these have very short half-lives. However, some of them have half-lives that can be month or years. Unfissioned nuclear material would be some uranium or plutonium that does not undergo fission and are dispersed from the explosion. Neutron-induced activity happens when nuclei are exposed to a major change of neutron radiation, thus making them radioactive. A small area around ground-zero would be the most likelyShow MoreRelatedNuclear Proliferation Is The Global Spread Of Nuclear Weapons And Technology1748 Words   |  7 PagesNuclear proliferation is the global spread of nuclear weapons and technology. At the end of World War II, the spread of nuclear weapons was happening at an accelerated rate. Countries like the Soviet Union, United Kingdom, France, and China were developing nuclear weapons against the wishes of the United States. In an attempt to stop proliferation, a group of scientists peacefully protested the development of nuclear weapons by sending a petition to the United Nations. The United Nation agreed thatRead MoreNuclear Weapons : The Side Effects Of Nuclear Radiation972 Words   |  4 Pagespoint. A blast wave is the main killer in a nuclear blast. Radiation Radiation is a big part of why nuclear weapons are terrible to have. The reason why radiation is bad is because there is no process to get rid of radiation in a short amount of time. Nuclear weapons are also a bad idea to have because The effects that radiation can cause last for a very long time. (Atomic Archives, 2015.) The lifetime of nuclear radiation can depend on how much you use. The radiation life of the atomic bomb thatRead MoreNayarit Conference on the Humanitarian Impact of Nuclear Weapons1511 Words   |  7 Pagesinternational conference on the humanitarian impact of nuclear weapons (Oslo, March 2013), the government of Mexico hosted a 2nd international conference from 13-14 February 2014 in Nuevo Vallarta, a residential resort community in the state of Nayarit, to build momentum for an ambitious diplomatic process that puts the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of nuclear weapons the essence of nuclear disarmament efforts and achievement of a nuclear weapons free world, NTI reports. Delegations representingRead More Nuclear Deterrence is the Best Defense Against Nuclear War Essay1210 Words   |  5 PagesNuclear Deterrence is the Best Defense Against Nuclear War In 1945, a great technological innovation was dropped over Japan, the atomic bomb. Ever since the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the world has faced the threat of nuclear attack. In reaction to this, world governments have been forced to find a defense against nuclear attack. One solution to the danger of nuclear attack is the use of nuclear deterrence. Nuclear deterrence is the possession and launching of nuclear weapons for theRead MoreNuclear Weapons Should Be Against The Geneva Convention1681 Words   |  7 PagesThe nuclear bomb has been a weapon in the United States arsenal since the end of world war two, where the United States dropped two atomic bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. From that day on the way wars were fought has changed forever. Soon after the bomb droppings on the two Japanese cities a race began between the United States and the Soviet Union named the cold war. The two major powers of the world at that time would threaten each other with nucle ar war. The cold war ended becauseRead MoreNuclear Weapons And Weapons Of Mass Destruction1079 Words   |  5 Pages Nuclear Weapons Ever since World War two we have feared destruction and what could be the aftermath of nuclear bombs. We had a whole era in history to dedicate being terrified of weapons of mass destruction. We had bomb drills, duck and cover drills. The United States had TV drills if an attack were to happen on United States soil. For many Americans this was not hysteria, but a reality that could happen. The first World war chemical weapons were used then outlawed for combat. â€Å"Unlike whenRead MoreThe Effects Of War On The Environment1223 Words   |  5 Pagesare the effects of modern war and military activities on biodiversity? How does war affect the ecosystem? What are the effects of war on human beings and other animals? Do you think the nuclear bombs and other chemicals used during war affect the environment? What are the solutions to the environmental consequences of war? Interview Findings The effects of war on the environment varies depending on the level of war the artilleries used by the opposing sides. A war between sovereign nations has moreRead More`` Toxic Discourse `` By Lawrence Buell1521 Words   |  7 Pageskey ingredients to the narrative of environmental toxins in the United States is the element of burden of proof. This element pertains to the idea that not sufficient evidence is provided in order to prove that toxins lead to the health deterioration of the exposed population. For example, Buell states, â€Å"almost every claim that a risk is present, almost every attribution of cause, [has] been vigorously contested†¦[i]t is notoriously hard to demonstrate environmental causation of illness, given the limitationRead MoreNuclear Power And Its Effects On The World1610 Words   |  7 Pagestheir fossil fuel dependency. Nuclear power is a relevant factor in alternative energy for policy-makers. In the 1950’s, anticipation for nuclear energy w as very high, people thought that new advancements in nuclear energy would make electricity free. Nuclear power was successfully implemented for commercial use in 1954 Russia. Since then a total of 438 nuclear reactors were created around the world, including the United States, with 67 still under construction. Nuclear power support has always wanedRead MoreNuclear Test B Taking Forward Multilateral Nuclear Weapons1651 Words   |  7 Pages Nuclear Test Ban Taking forward multilateral nuclear disarmament negotiations. A. Introduction Talking of the nuclear test ban under international regime the first thing that ticks the mind is the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) which is a multilateral treaty that bans all nuclear explosions, for both civilian and military purposes, in all environments. It was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on September 10, 1996 but has not entered into force

The Need for Stronger Bullying Laws Free Essays

Bullying is a very negative action and creates major problems in our society. Nothing good ever comes out of bullying someone. It can however change someone’s life forever. We will write a custom essay sample on The Need for Stronger Bullying Laws or any similar topic only for you Order Now It actually does ruin many lives both of the bully and of the victim. The bully if caught and punished will then have a criminal record for the rest of their life. Unless they get psychological help, they will probably end up being a repeat offender. The victim often becomes depressed, withdrawn and often times either commits suicide or becomes a bully themselves. Bullying is more than just a part of growing up. It is a very violent form of aggressive behavior. Anti-bullying Laws will never completely solve the problem; only mask it temporarily until everyone starts working together to stop the root of this cruel behavior. Adults know that this behavior is wrong but many time don’t know when or if they should step in and do something. The important thing to remember when deciding to step in is how the adult feels about taking control of the situation versus how the victim might feel about having a parent or elder stick up for them. Sometimes the victim feels that elder involvement may make the situation even worse. They often feel the only way to solve the problem is to handle it themselves. â€Å"Anti-bullying laws are being enacted in almost every state in the U. S. However, they are not being enforced and are nowhere near strong enough to identify and make the abuser stop or continue to repeat his/her actions again on someone else or even sometime the same victim they began with. Only 44 of our 50 states currently have anti-bullying laws in place. Ohio does have a law in place and is found in the Ohio Revised Code, section 3313. 666. The law prohibits harassment, intimidation, or bullying in schools. It went into effect on March 30, 2007. † (University of Nebraska, 2006). This law applies to every public school in Ohio, however, does not apply to private schools. So, if the law only applies to certain people then how is it supposed to be a solution to the problem? Bullying happens very often off school grounds or even in the home. Often the school will deny that there is a problem and that the victim is either lying or exaggerating the story. When this happens the parent needs to take their complaints even further. The superintendent of the school ystem should be their next step. If that does not work they can then contact an attorney or even their city’s police force. All of these venues need to be reminded that refusal to recognize that the problem is going on violates the Ohio law prohibiting bullying. â€Å"Many parents end up feeling like they have exhausted all efforts in dealing with school authorities and/or they do not feel school officials have been recept ive enough in meeting the child’s needs, especially when the child continues to being a victim of ongoing harassment, bullying, assaults, or emotional bullying. If the adult or parent feels this way then they should not sit back and give up or feel defeated. They can however, pursue other means of support from medical, mental health, social services or even community based programs. But lastly, they can also contact the police. † (McGraw, 2008). As a parent myself of a severely bullied child, this advice really hits home for me. A parent often feels backed in a corner and helpless not being able to stop their child’s pain. This was an excellent book to read to teach parents, teachers and administrators that there is always help out there. They just have to know the channels to follow. In an article from the Register-Herald in Beckley, West Virginia, dated February, 26, 2011, a house panel agreed to arm educators with a stronger law to cope with cyber bullying over objections by some opponents that it goes too far by dealing with off campus texting and other wireless harassment. One major dispute was schools right to deal with bullying beyond school grounds, even on a vacation, for example. But in that scenario the bullying would have to spill over into school days and then disrupt the education process before it falls under a teachers right to act. Children should not be afraid to go to school. No matter where kids are no matter what time of year it is, a school now has jurisdiction to discipline now when they come back to school. Although, that is a great law parents also need to be more involved in the children’s lives. They need to know what is going on. They need to make their children feel that their home is their â€Å"safe place† and that they can come to their parents whenever problems arise. But the problem today is that the economy pulls parents in to working multiple jobs while older siblings or babysitters are left to care for the younger ones. Schools need to pay more attention and make use of their city’s Juvenile Court System to deal with unruly and abusive students and children. In another article by Tanya Roth of the York County Virginia Gazette dated August 9, 2010, a case that resulted in suicide caused by bullying resulted in a wrongful death suit seeking ten million dollars in damages. The mother of a high school freshman is suing school officials and one sheriff’s deputy for failing to enforce the anti-bullying policies she believes would have saved her sons life, but did not. Her son hanged himself on May 31, 2010. The suit details a meeting that took place at the school concerning the bullying, with all the defendants present. The school personnel should have been aware of the risk of emotional damage caused by the continued bullying, and should have enforced the anti-bullying policies available to them. Parents, elders and victims themselves are grasping at straws as a means to stop this physical and mental abuse. â€Å"Some parents are even filing law suits based on the theory of â€Å"premises liability. † Under this theory, occupiers and owners of land, including school, are required to keep their premises safe for those who are legally allowed to be there. (University of Nebraska, 2006). These laws are only a band-Aid to the reoccurring problem and in most cases never fully help the victim. The mental damage never goes away therefore just gives a victim â€Å"false hope† that they are going to be safe. Prevention of bullying needs to happen at the school, in class, and at t he individual level. Bullying can also be prevented at home. â€Å"At the school level there needs to be better supervision of the students’ activities, an interesting, fun outdoor environment, contact phone numbers for the students and the parents, and teacher training groups. In the classroom there are many things teachers and students can do. They can make class rules against bullying and have activities that encourage good behavior. In the classroom, meetings between the teachers, parents, and students can help to prevent bullying. Teachers or other authorities can have serious discussions with the bully to reduce the amount of bullying that occurs. † (McGraw, 2008). But everyone needs to wake up and realize that there is a problem in every state of the U. S. and in many cases in every home. Bullying creates a vicious circle. It makes the victim scared of the bully, which encourages the bully and makes it easier for him/her to bully the victim again and again. Repeated bullying keeps adding to the intensity and makes the victim more scared and it many cases suicidal and the circle keeps going on; unless the pattern is broken by someone outside this horrible circle. I chose this topic because I am amazed at the amount and severity of bullying that is allowed to go on in schools, the public and in many cases behind closed doors at home. After reading several books and articles and hours or research that I have spent on this topic; I am convinced more than ever that people truly need to take this problem seriously both at home and in school. The biggest problem is that both parents and schools turn their heads as a means to not have to admit that there is a problem to begin with. So, I am back to my original question: Are anti-bullying laws a solution, a band-aid to the problem or just a means of false hope to make the victim temporarily feel safe? I am not sure this problem will ever be solved. Bibliography McGraw, J. (2008, November). Jay McGraw’s Life Strategies for Dealing with Bullies. New York: Aladdin. University of Nebraska Lincoln. (2006, June). Facts about Bullying. Retrieved from www. targetbully. com/wst_page6. html Porterfield, M. (2011, February 26). Panel Agree to Stronger Bullying Laws. The Register -Herald. Retrieved from http://www. register-herald. com/local/x1709532935/Panel-agrees-to-stronger-bullying-laws/ Roth, T. (2010, August 9). School Bullying: Student Suicide Leads to Suit. York County, Virginia Gazette. Retrieved from: How to cite The Need for Stronger Bullying Laws, Papers

Ethanol Concertration Effects on Cell Membrane for Spectroscopy

Question: Discuss about theEthanol Concertration Effects on Cell Membrane for Spectroscopy. Answer: Objective Of The Experiment The objective of this experiment is to study the effect of different ethanol concentrations on cell membrane integrity by using visible spectroscopy Methods Requirements The requirements are, three test tubes, test-tube rack, cuvettes, beetroot (Beta vulgaris), spectrophotometer, detergent SDS 10%, small dowel rods, room temperature water, 3 replica, corkborer with 4mm inside diameter,6 replicas, 70% ethanol, prepared 50% ethanol +10 ml water, prepared 15ml of 70%ethanol+20ml water, distilled water. Procedure Cut B vulgaris into four equal pieces with the same diameter and length using a cork borer in a size as to fit in a cuvette. Rinse each piece of B. vulgaris with tap water to remove the excess red dye (pigment betalain) that resulted from cutting, number the test tubes from 1-4, mix the contents in the test tubes after placing the contents in each cuvettes and name them for ten minutes, warm the spectrophotometer for at least 20 minutes, place the cuvette with room temperature water(used as the control experiment) in to the spectrophotometer with triangle on the cuvette facing directly 10ml in front of the instrument and press the 0 ABS 100% and then remove it from the instrument, repeat this for the other cuvette A,B and C and record the values obtained, the values obtained are at an interval of 15 minutes, and values are recorded thrice for precision to be compared to the replica. Results The results of absorbance are obtained from the spectrophotometer with the time interval of 15 minutes as shown in the table below; Cuvette Concentration (%) Time in minutes 0.00 15 minutes 30 minutes A 30 0.00 0.90 1.8 B 50 0.01 1.5 0.3 C 70 0.08 2.1 4.2 Getting the concentrations 15ml of 70%ethanol +20ml water 70%of ethanol =70ml ethanol dissolved in 100ml of water 100ml of water contains 70ml of ethanol 15ml of water will contain? (1570) 100=10.5ml Hence 10.5ml of ethanol can be dissolved in 15 ml of water Concentration of the whole solution 15ml of 70% of ethanol+20ml of water (10.5100) 35=30% Molar concentration 10.535=0.3M Concentration of 50% ethanol+10ml of water (50100) 100= 50% 70% ethanol=70% Calculation of absorbance of a substance in each cuvette is based on knowing the transmittance which will build on the absorbance (Ultee, A. 2002). To calculate transmittance, we use the following formula: T=I/IO T represent transmittance I represent incident. IO represents incident intensity. Calculating the different absorbances, we use the following formula. A=-log (T) Whereby T is the transmittance. Calculating absorbance Log-1.41=0.15 Log -7.94=0.9 Log -125.89=2.1 (Lambert, R. 2001). Absorbance given correct to one decimal place This means as the transmittance increases the absorbance decreases hence the transmittance is inversely proportional to the absorbance since the increase in transmittance leads to a reduction of absorbance and a decrease in transmittance leads to an increase in absorbance. To determine the relationship between absorbance and concentration we need to look at Slope of the curve (m) =Y2-Y1/X2-X1 X represents concentration Y represents absorbance. This consequently leads us to the Y=MX+B Which derives another formula: A=?LC A represents the absorptivity From this we find that the absorption is inversely proportional to the transmittance and concentration is directly proportional to the absorbance (Garcia, C. 1994). Discussion The objective of the experiment is to study the effect of different ethanol concentration on the cell membrane integrity by using visible spectroscopy. An increase in the concentration of ethanol results to an increase in the permeability of the membrane hence high absorption results to an increase in the color intensity of the solution, from the results obtained this proved. The absorption by a substance in cuvette is determined by the concentration of the solution. This means that high concentrated ethanol has high interaction between molecules leading to increased absorbance by the solution hence the detection registered a higher absorption than the less concentrated solution. The highly concentrated ethanol (Ethanol 70%) registered high absorbance because there was increased interaction between molecules leading to large permeability of the membrane hence absorption improved due to an increase in the concentration of ethanol. Increase in the color intensity is directly proportion al to the membrane permeability. The cuvette with ethanol at a concentration of 30% has a slightly lower absorbance to the one with the 70% concentration since its molecules have less interaction compared to that of 70% concentration hence B. vulgaris is stronger in the 70% concentration. The ethanol with the lower concentration (ethanol 5%) registers a low absorbance since there is the least interaction between molecules leading to the lowest absorbance by the lowest concentrated solution. The B .vulgaris is not strong compared to the ethanol with 30% concentration. Absorbance is directly proportional concentration. Absorption of solution in cuvette is used to measure the damage on the cell membrane that directly affects the permeability of the cell. Other points to note can be the shape of cuvette can affect light transmittance, the rate at which the beet will be damaged is directly proportional to the absorbance and concentration and the darker the color of the solution due to the damage of the beet the more the absorbance and the more the concentration. In all this absorbance is directly proportional to the concentration of ethanol. The higher the concentration the higher the absorbance and the lower the concentration the lower the absorbance. Limitations When carrying out the experiment the following limitations were encountered, ethanol was flammable and could ignite, steam and hot water may cause burns, equally timing the time allocated by both cuvettes. Remedies This was solved by putting the ethanol away from the sources of ignition, wearing suitable heat proof gloves and opening the water baths carefully. References Ultee, A., Bennik, M.H.J. and Moezelaar, R., 2002. The phenolic hydroxyl group of carvacrol is essential for action against the food-borne pathogen Bacillus cereus. Applied and environmental microbiology, 68(4), pp.1561-1568. Lambert, R.J.W., Skandamis, P.N., Coote, P.J. and Nychas, G.J., 2001. A study of the minimum inhibitory concentration and mode of action of oregano essential oil, thymol and carvacrol. Journal of applied microbiology, 91(3), pp.453-462. Garcia-Ruiz, C., Morales, A., Ballesta, A., Rodes, J., Kaplowitz, N. and Fernndez-Checa, J.C., 1994. Effect of chronic ethanol feeding on glutathione and functional integrity of mitochondria in periportal and perivenous rat hepatocytes. The Journal of clinical investigation, 94(1), pp.193-201. Thompson, I.P., Bailey, M.J., Fenlon, J.S., Fermor, T.R., Lilley, A.K., Lynch, J.M., McCormack, P.J., McQuilken, M.P., Purdy, K.J., Rainey, P.B. and Whipps, J.M., 1993. Quantitative and qualitative seasonal changes in the microbial community from the phyllosphere of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris). Plant and Soil, 150(2), pp.177-191. Agerbirk, N., Olsen, C.E., Bibby, B.M., Frandsen, H.O., Brown, L.D., Nielsen, J.K. and Renwick, J.A.A., 2003. A saponin correlated with variable resistance of Barbarea vulgaris to the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella. Journal of chemical ecology, 29(6), pp.1417-1433. Ultee, A., Kets, E.P.W. and Smid, E.J., 1999. Mechanisms of action of carvacrol on the food-borne pathogen Bacillus cereus. Applied and environmental microbiology, 65(10), pp.4606-4610.

The Media and Joseph McCarthy Essay Example For Students

The Media and Joseph McCarthy Essay Joseph Raymond McCarthy, was born in Grand Chute, Wisconsin, Nov.14, 1908, and died an alcoholic on May 2, 1957. McCarthy was best known for his attacks on alleged Communism especially in the Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower administrations. The extreme accusations by McCarthy and his followers lead to the phrase McCarthyism. This phrase is used in reference to the sensational and highly publicized personal attacks, usually based on unsubstantiated charges, as a means of discrediting people thought to be subversive.'(Grolier, 1996)Before February of 1950 Joseph McCarthy was not a good legislator. He gained the attention of the United States by stating that the State Department was riddled with card-carrying members of the Communist Party.'(Rovere, 1959, p.128) McCarthy was very clever in the way he worked the media and was skilled in the art of public speaking. He used these abilities to latch on to the publics fears with communism in the eastern world. McCarthy bombarded the opposition with accusations and avoided giving proof; with these tactics McCarthy was able to gain many followers, especially Republicans. With the support of many Republicans, McCarthy accused the administrations of Roosevelt and Truman with twenty years of treason.'(Grolier, 1996)McCarthy was reelected in 1952 and immediately began directing accusations toward the Eisenhower administration from a new post as head of the Senates Government Operations Committee and its permanent investigations subcommittee. McCarthy was eventually discredited by lack of evidence in his claims of Communist in the U.S. army, through the nationally televised Army-McCarthy hearings in 1954. On December 2, 1954 the Senate voted to condemn him for conduct contrary to Senatorial traditions. The final vote was 67-22. After this any influence of Joseph McCarthy was insignificant. McCarthy was politically dead. (Ewald, 1984, p.381)It is my intention to show that it was the media who was responsible for McCar thyism and the turmoil it caused as well as the eventual destruction of Joseph McCarthys political career in 1954. We will write a custom essay on The Media and Joseph McCarthy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now McCarthy began his manipulation of the press by way of a speech given at the Lincoln Day dinner of the Ohio County Womens Republican Club at the McClure Hotel in Wheeling, West Virginia on February 9, 1950. McCarthy later denied having said what he was quoted to have said in the speech. Apparently there was only one reporter present for the speech in Wheeling, so its his word against McCarthys. The statement quoted in the speech published in the Wheeling Intelligence in the story by Frank Desmond, read as follows,While I cannot take the time to name all of the men in the State Department who have been named as members of the Communist party and members of a spy ring, I have here in my hand a list of 205 that were known to the Secretary of the State as being members of the Communist party and who nevertheless are still working and shaping the policy of the State Department. (Bayley, 1981, p.17)This story is what is responsible for starting McCarthyism. Later McCarthy said the number h e gave in his speech was not 205 but 57. The fact is that Desmond had a written copy of the speech before McCarthy gave it, but he could have changed the number to 57 when he actually presented the speech. Regardless, the number 57 would have been just as shocking as 205. There are many ways that the media could have handled this speech, one being asking to see the list. If he had, things may have been different, for as McCarthy said himself what he held in his hand was the Byrnes letter, not a list.'(Bayley, 1981, p.24) If Desmond had reported that McCarthy was holding a letter, not a list, the newspapers would have handled the story much differently. A letter from one person to another, which suggests unfit employees, would have made much less news than the illusion of an actual list of names. The lack of proof was one of many ways the press mishandled information over the next few weeks. In general the press poor practice would be carried out for the next five years. I have here in my hand was a phrase that became more popular than a famous toothpaste slogan,'(Belfrage, 1973, p.117) McCarthy used this phrase countless times to refer to documents he would pull from his briefcase to support his accusations. The legitimacy of the accusations was never debated or questioned by reporters. The Byrness letter that McCarthy pulled out on February 9, 1950 was one of these unchecked documents. The content of the letter gives us insight into McCarthys ability to manipulate the facts, and allow the media to spread his word. .u27cf7e64e3e57f5d298e66c0e7d152a2 , .u27cf7e64e3e57f5d298e66c0e7d152a2 .postImageUrl , .u27cf7e64e3e57f5d298e66c0e7d152a2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u27cf7e64e3e57f5d298e66c0e7d152a2 , .u27cf7e64e3e57f5d298e66c0e7d152a2:hover , .u27cf7e64e3e57f5d298e66c0e7d152a2:visited , .u27cf7e64e3e57f5d298e66c0e7d152a2:active { border:0!important; } .u27cf7e64e3e57f5d298e66c0e7d152a2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u27cf7e64e3e57f5d298e66c0e7d152a2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u27cf7e64e3e57f5d298e66c0e7d152a2:active , .u27cf7e64e3e57f5d298e66c0e7d152a2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u27cf7e64e3e57f5d298e66c0e7d152a2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u27cf7e64e3e57f5d298e66c0e7d152a2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u27cf7e64e3e57f5d298e66c0e7d152a2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u27cf7e64e3e57f5d298e66c0e7d152a2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u27cf7e64e3e57f5d298e66c0e7d152a2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u27cf7e64e3e57f5d298e66c0e7d152a2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u27cf7e64e3e57f5d298e66c0e7d152a2 .u27cf7e64e3e57f5d298e66c0e7d152a2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u27cf7e64e3e57f5d298e66c0e7d152a2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mental Illness EssayMcCarthy took his famous number of 205 from a letter from Secretary of State James F. Byrnes to Representative Adolf Sabath of Illinois. It is very strange and unheard of in this day and age that McCarthy was allowed to make such an accusation without the press confirming its source. The letter basically said that 4,000 employees of the state had been transferred, and of those 3,000 had been subjected to preliminary examination, from which a recommendation against permanent employment had been made in 284 cases; 79 of these people had been refused government service. (Rovere, 1959, p.125)Without any further information McCarthy assumed that 205 of the 2 84 whose employment had not been recommended were actually employed, and that the reason that they were not recommended in the first place was because they were communists. (Bayley, 1981, p.20) The letter never mentioned that the 205 people were hired, or that any of them were Communists. No journalist ever asked any questions before printing the story. By not doing this they can be held responsible for creating a stage for a madman to mislead the American public. McCarthys rise to national prominence coincided with the explosive growth of television in the United States.'(Bayley, 1981, p.176) He knew about media and he knew he could use this new medium of television to promote his image, and his cause. Television was just as easily manipulated by McCarthy as the newspapers were, and McCarthy successfully put himself into the living rooms of the American public. What McCarthy didnt realize, and what would eventually lead to his downfall, was that a picture is worth a thousand words, and that live television conferences cannot be edited or fixed. It was this form of media that would lead to McCarthys downfall. Throughout the administration of Harry Truman, McCarthy accused the president of being sympathetic to Communism. It may very well have been the atmosphere left by the claims that led Truman and the Democratic Party to defeat in 1952, and the subsequent victory of Dwight D. Eisenhower and the Republicans. McCarthy was elected head of the Senates Government Operations Committee in 1952, but this was not enough for the ambitious Senator. He wanted to replace Eisenhower as the head of the Republican Party, and he attempted to use the same tactics against Eisenhower that he used to dethrone Truman. It was this political decision that set the stage for McCarthys fall from grace. McCarthy openly attacked Eisenhower in early 1954 with hopes of leading the Republican Party. One of his most famous slogans against him was the who promoted Peress? campaign. Irving Peress was a former dentist who had been drafted and commissioned in October 1952 and promoted to major a year later under the automatic provisions law. (Bayley, 1981, p.187) A month after his promotion someone in the army found out that Peress had refused to answer questions about his political beliefs, and he was ordered to be discharged within 90 days. All of this happened during the Eisenhower administration, and nothing had been proven about the actual beliefs of Peress but McCarthy used this incident and others like it to accuse Eisenhower of being sympathetic to the Communist cause. (Ewald, 1984, p.189)It was this Peress incident, however, that prompted Eisenhower to make a statement to denounce McCarthy. Everyone was prepared for Eisenhower to bash McCarthy, including McCarthy himself. McCarthy w as so sure of the content of Eisenhowers speech that he responded to it on television shortly after, without even knowing what Eisenhower actually said. McCarthys response speech included claims that the Army had been protecting, covering up, and honorably discharging known Communists; he bashed Peress, and he bashed Eisenhower claiming that they were all protecting Communists. (Bayley, 1981, p.188-189) What McCarthy didnt know is what hurt him, apparently Eisenhowers statement had been altered, and when it was delivered it didnt even mention McCarthy. James Reston described the actual statement of Eisenhower as a note on the principals that should govern the relations between the legislature and the executive under the US Constitution. (Bayley, 1981, p.188) Willard Edwards of the Chicago Tribune said that, the American people had seen a kick in the groin, and they would not forget it. To Willard Edwards, this was the day that McCarthy died. (Ewald, 1984, p. 242) McCarthy had lost the respect of the American public, and the respect of many journalist, reporters, and television stations. The television stations would indirectly be responsible for delivering one of the final blows to McCarthy. .u0d4034f2c3e25a69ff7ba65eac3efcea , .u0d4034f2c3e25a69ff7ba65eac3efcea .postImageUrl , .u0d4034f2c3e25a69ff7ba65eac3efcea .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0d4034f2c3e25a69ff7ba65eac3efcea , .u0d4034f2c3e25a69ff7ba65eac3efcea:hover , .u0d4034f2c3e25a69ff7ba65eac3efcea:visited , .u0d4034f2c3e25a69ff7ba65eac3efcea:active { border:0!important; } .u0d4034f2c3e25a69ff7ba65eac3efcea .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0d4034f2c3e25a69ff7ba65eac3efcea { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0d4034f2c3e25a69ff7ba65eac3efcea:active , .u0d4034f2c3e25a69ff7ba65eac3efcea:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0d4034f2c3e25a69ff7ba65eac3efcea .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0d4034f2c3e25a69ff7ba65eac3efcea .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0d4034f2c3e25a69ff7ba65eac3efcea .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0d4034f2c3e25a69ff7ba65eac3efcea .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0d4034f2c3e25a69ff7ba65eac3efcea:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0d4034f2c3e25a69ff7ba65eac3efcea .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0d4034f2c3e25a69ff7ba65eac3efcea .u0d4034f2c3e25a69ff7ba65eac3efcea-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0d4034f2c3e25a69ff7ba65eac3efcea:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Good effects and bad effects leading sentence: EssayShortly after this incident, in a public speech the Republican Party was described as divided against itself, half McCarthy and half Eisenhower.'(Ewald, 1984, p.246) McCarthy before this incident had always been given free air time from the networks (NBC and CBS) to respond to any type of comment spoken against him. This time however, NBC and CBS rejected his demands. Instead, as they were obligated to allow someone to reply, vice- president Nixon gave a response. McCarthy threatened to take the decision of the networks to the FCC, but other networks, newspapers and radio stations seemed to think that the law would favor the networks, and fully supported them in their decision. The movement of the press to stand up to Joseph McCarthy was sudden and as devastating. The only free air time he was given came from the Mutual Broadcasting System, but not until four days after the speech against him. In this time period McCarthy had amounted two more formidable critics to answer. One was Senator Ralph Flanders, a Vermont Republican who rose in the Senate on March 9 to accuse McCarthy of deserting the Republican Party and to ridicule his hunt for Communists.'(Bayley, 1981, p.192) The other was the one that ruined McCarthy, ironically by way of the television media that had helped his five-year career so much. His name was Edward R. Murrow. Televisions most respected man Edward R. Murrow presented a McCarthy documentary on his popular show See it Now, which provided, through skillful film editing, a devastating critique of McCarthy and his methods.'(Bayley, 1981, p.192) The show produced clips of McCarthy speaking his half-truths, and distortions and then followed them with Murrows explanations of McCarthys logic, and descriptions of how the facts were manipulated. At the end of the show Murrow did an editorial in which he said that McCarthys primary achievement had been to confuse the public about the internal and external threats of Communism.'(Bayley, 1981, p.193)McCarthy finally did make a reply on Murrows program See it Now nearly a month later on April 6, 1954. He never really replied to Murrow. Rather, he attacked him with more wild accusations and this time the public was not listening. Through the collective stand that the press took against McCarthy concerning the NBC/CBS decision, Flanders denouncement of McC arthy, and finally Murrows documentary; the media, which was responsible for the creation and the spreading of McCarthyism, had delivered the final nail in the coffin. The nationally televised Army-McCarty trials were just the playing out of the inevitable. The nation got to see McCarthy at his worst, trying to justify some of the horrific accusations that he made against the United States Senate. Eventually the Senate adopted a resolution to condemn McCarthy by a vote of 67-22. The only support for McCarthy was from parts of the nation where McCarthys activities had been given the least coverage in newspaper, and from the only part of the country that did not have access to live television coverage of the damaging Army-McCarthy trials. (Bayley, 1981, p.212) The medias power of influence on his career is shown here again; however in this instance it ruined him. In conclusion it is obvious that the media was responsible for the birth and the death of McCarthyism. The negligence of the reporters early in McCarthys career (notably Frank Desmond, who covered McCarthys speech at the McClure Hotel in Wheeling) gave life to a man who should have been exposed as a fake. The next five years of chaos taught the press about fact checking, and the need to ask responsible questions before a story should be printed Bibliography Bayley, Edwin R. (1981) Joe McCarthy and the Press. Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press. Belfrage, Cedric. (1973)The American Inquisition 1945-1965: A Profile of the McCarthy Era. New York: Thunders Mouth Press. Ewald, William Bragg.(1984)Who Killed Joe McCarthy?. New York: Simon and Schuster. Manchester, William. (1976) A Slight Case of McCarthyism. Controversy and other Essays in Journalism. Boston-Toronto: Little, Brown and Company. Rovere, Richard H. (1959) Senator Joe McCarthy. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company. The 1996 Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. CD-ROM. Danbury: Grolier 1996.

Genealogy Research in Great Britain

Genealogy Research in Great Britain Once youve explored as much of your family tree as you can online, its time to head to Britain and the land of your ancestors. Nothing can compare to visiting the places where your ancestors once lived, and on-site research offers access to a variety of records that arent available elsewhere.   England Wales: If your family tree leads you to England or Wales, then London is a good place to start your research. This is where youll find most of Englands major repositories. Most people begin with the Family Records Centre, jointly operated by the General Register Office and the National Archives, as it holds the original indexes to the births, marriages and deaths registered in England and Wales from 1837. There are also other collections available for research, such as death duty registers, census returns and the Prerogative Court of Canterbury wills. If your short on research time, however, most of these records can also be searched online (most for a fee) in advance of your trip. Located within walking distance of the Family Records Centre, the library of the Society of Genealogists in London is another excellent place to start your search for British ancestry. Here youll find many published family histories and the largest collection of transcribed parish registers in England. The library also has census records for all of the British Isles, city directories, poll lists, wills, and an advice desk where you can get expert suggestions on how and where to continue your research. The National Archives in Kew, outside of London, has many records that are not available elsewhere, including nonconformist church records, probates, letters of administration, military records, taxation records, association oath rolls, maps, parliamentary papers, and court records. This is generally not the best place to start your research, but is a must-visit for anyone looking to follow up clues found in more basic records such as census enumerations and parish registers. The National Archives, which covers England, Wales and the central UK government, is especially important for anyone researching members of the armed forces. Before you visit, be sure to check out their online catalog and comprehensive research guides. Other important research repositories in London include the Guildhall Library, home to the parish records of the City of London and records of city guilds; the British Library, most notable for its manuscripts and Oriental and India Office collections; and the London Metropolitan Archives, which houses records of metropolitan London. For further Welsh research, the National Library of Wales in Aberystwyth is the main center for family history research in Wales. There you will find copies of parish registers and family collections of deeds, pedigrees and other genealogical material, as well as all wills proved in the Welsh diocesan courts. The twelve County Record Offices of Wales hold copies of the indexes for their respective areas, and most also hold microfilm copies of records such as census returns. Most also hold their local parish registers dating back to 1538 (including some that arent also kept at the National Library of Wales).   Scotland: In Scotland, most of the main national archives and genealogical repositories are housed in Edinburgh. This is where youll find the General Register Office of Scotland, which holds civil birth, marriage and death records from 1 January 1855, plus census returns and parish registers. Next door, the National Archives of Scotland preserves a host of genealogical material, including wills and testaments from the 16th century to the present day. Just down the road lies the National Library of Scotland where you can search trade and street directories, professional directories, family and local histories and an extensive map collection. The Library and Family History Centre of the Scottish Genealogy Society is also located in Edinburgh, and houses a unique collection of family histories, pedigrees and manuscripts.   Go Local Once youve explored the national and specialist repositories, the next stop is generally the county or municipal archive. This is also a good place to start if your time is limited and you are definite about the area where your ancestors lived. Most county archives include microfilm copies of national records, such as certificate indexes and census records, as well as important county collections, such as local wills, land records, family papers and parish registers. ARCHON, hosted by the National Archives, includes contact details for archives and other record repositories within the UK. Check the regional directory to find county archives, university archives and other unique resources in your area of interest.   Explore Your History Be sure to leave time on your journey to visit the places where your ancestors once lived, and explore the history of your family. Use census and civil registration records to identify the addresses where your ancestors resided, take a trip to their parish church or the cemetery where they are buried, enjoy dinner in a Scottish castle, or visit a specialty archive or museum to learn more about how your ancestors lived. Look for interesting stops such as the National Coal Museum in Wales; the West Highland Museum in Fort William, Scotland; or the National Army Museum in Chelsea, England. For those with Scottish roots, Ancestral Scotland offers a number of clan-themed iteneraries to help you walk in your ancestors footsteps.