Bed Bathing a Patient Essay

Introduction In this assignment I will be exploring the legal, professional and ethical issues involved in bed bathing a patient/client in a hospital setting. I will be reflecting on a personal experience, experience during a seven week placement on a diabetic ward. I have decided to use a reflective cycle which is an adaptation from Gibbs’ (1988) model.This reflection has provided a systematic approach to my learning and to my nursing practice. Within this essay I intend to discuss approaches to assessing, planning, implementing and evaluating care. Heron (1977) refers to the process of reflecting as a ‘conscious use of the self’. Once one becomes consciously aware of their actions, it is easer to recognise the reason for doing them in the first instance. The first stage of this process is to acknowledge our actions by reflecting we reveal to our selves how we act, such actions are spontaneous and without forethought attention. To maintain my clients autonomy I am unable to disclose any client information, accordingly I have given my client the name Mrs Jones this is to protect and respect my client’s confidentiality as stated by the NMC Code of Professional Conduct. Gibbs’ model of reflection (1988)DescriptionDuring any client’s admission stage an assessment on the client’s skin care regime is made, this takes into account the clients personal preferences, the level of function the client may have to provide self-care and the amount of assistance required to promote optimal hygiene procedures in the form of bed baths, in respect of encouraging independence. The reason why we bed bath clients is to promote personal hygiene and to give them a sense of well-being it also maintain intact skin i.e. prevention of pressure sours. Bed bathing allows the caregivers to monitor changes in the client’s skin condition. (Staff Nurse, during placement)It was approximately 07:45 Friday morning of mid June, three weeks into my placement. After handover I was given the task of bed bathing a female client. Mrs Jones, what I learned about Mrs Jones in handover was very brief. She was admitted to hospital as she was suffering shortness of breath, she had been suffering from Parkinson’s disease for ten  years, she also had a catheter instituted, she had very little control of the lower half of her body, her right shoulder was dislocated and she was MRSA+. Mrs Jones took part in a trial drug many years ago this was to help her control her Parkinson’s disease coming off the drug became impossible and as a result Mr Jones is reliant on this drug, this drug was referred to as apple morphine on the ward. The basic bed bathing equipment I required was one bath towel, one hand towel, several disposable swipes, clean bed linen, (2 x sheets) laundry bags, (in this case red bags as the client is MRSA+) a slide sheet, small yellow bag for clinical waste, pad and incontinence sheet, bowl of warm water and a set of pyjamas and or gown all provided by the hospital. The client had acquired her own personal toiletries before admission this consisted of a bar of soap, shower gel, talcum powder, perfume, two flannels, (one for the upper part of the torso and the other for the lower half) moisturiser, a comb, dentures pot, tooth brush and tooth past. In addition to this the client required saline solution, disposable wipes, new dressing cut to size and tape and a yellow clinical waste bag for the disposal of old dressings. Myself and Claire the Auxiliary Nurse who I was paired with to work alongside put on our protective disposable gloves and red aprons on after collection the supplies from the linen room. I greeted Mrs Jones and introduced myself and Claire. â€Å"Morning Mrs Jones, how are you this morning?† She replied â€Å"Oh, hello, I could be better† I continued â€Å"my name is Sharon (as this was easier for people to pronounce, after consulting Sister) I’m a student nurse and I’m going to be looking after you today†, â€Å"and I’m Claire, and I’m also going to be looking after you today too†. I continued â€Å"can we help you to get ready for breakfast?† Yes please,† Replied Mrs Jones. Before we began we asked if Mrs Jones if she had any objections to either me or Claire giving her a bed bath, as she looked apprehensive, she replied that this would be fine. We also asked if she had any pain and how her night was, she stated that she was in pain quite a bit but that it was normal for her at this time in the morning. She also stated that her night was awful, as patients in the  next bay kept her awake most of the night. Myself and Claire consulted the staff nurse about Mrs Jones’ pain, the staff nurse spoke to Mrs Jones about her medication and said that it was not due until 8:30 and so we were asked to continue as long as the Mrs Jones was happy for us to do so. Mrs Jones replied if that was the case there was nothing she could do other than for me and Claire to continue. We explained the procedure to Mrs Jones and gain her consent she allowed us to obtain any necessary toiletries from her draws whilst I did this Claire prepared a bowl of warm water. I removed Mrs Jones’s personal belongings from the table and placed them in the draws for safe keeping. I wipe over the table with an alcohol wipe to sanitize the surface and place on there the necessary items we would need to give Mrs Jones a bed bath. We draw the curtains closed to maintain Mrs Jones’s privacy and dignity at all times. Before we began I asked Mrs Jones if she would like to use a bed pan before we continued any further. She informed us that it was probably too late and she felt she had already made a mess. We reassured her that everything was alright and we would help to get her cleaned up as quickly as possible. Mrs Jones apologised a number of time and started to get upset. We again tried to reassure her again and clam her down, we in forced the reason that we were there and that was to help her in any way to see that she is alright. She agreed with us and asked us to continue. We raised the bed to the appropriate height to avoid putting undue strain on our backs, whilst I did this Claire emptied Mr Jones Catheter and placed the bag on the bed. We decided to place a sliding sheet under the client to assist us in rolling the client. I took the liberty of explaining the procedure to Mr Jones as we carried out the task. I asked if it was possible for her to roll on her right side as I was aware the Mrs Jones right shoulder was dislocated, she insisted that this was fine as it had been seen by the doctors and nothing could be done about it and insisted that she had rolled on it sever times before. We assisted Mrs Jones in removing her night gown, we freed her left arm first then her over her head and then gently freeing her right arm avoiding injuring her arm any further, to maintain Mrs Jones dignity we placed a large bath towel over her covering her private  areas. I helped Mrs Jones to bend her left leg and asked her to hold on to the cot side with her lef t hand. I placed my right hand on the left side of Mrs Jones’s waist and my arm across her left leg to provide added support. I placed my left hand on her left upper back. Claire had prepared the slide sheet, clean linen sheet and an incontinence sheet to go under her. On the instruction ready steady (then the manoeuvre intended, in this case it was) roll, we all assisted in rolling. Claire placed one of her hands on Mrs Jones’s back to provide added support and prevent her from rolling back. Claire folded the old linen in to its self, to as far as it would go until it reached Mrs Jones. Claire placed the clean slide sheet, linen sheet and incontinence sheet already folded in preparation under the old linen sheet. On Claire say so we rolled Mrs Jones on to her back, Claire â€Å"we’re rolling you over a slight bump now, ready steady roll†. To roll Mrs Jones on to her other side me and Claire switched roles and this time Mrs Jones was holding on to right side of the cot side but with her left hand. I removed the old linen and placed it inside the red linen bags. I took the liberty of cleaning Mrs Jones with her permission. I used a damp disposable wipe which Clair handed over to me and wiped away from the genital area, I placed the soiled wipe on the soiled incontinence sheet I continued doing this until the are was clean, once this was clean I washed the area with soap and water. I folded the soiled incontinence sheet into its self and disposed of it in the yellow clinical waste bag. I took this opportunity to wash Mr Jones’s back, neck and the backs of her legs with soap and water, I then wash off the soap and dried. I straightened out the clean slide sheet, linen sheet and the incontinence sheet and then Mrs Jones lied on her back. After a few minute, I placed the hand towel over the client’s chest and with her permission began to wash her face at the clients request I used water only on the face. I used separate wipes for each eye to prevent any cross contamination and a separate wipe for the rest of the face and then dried. Whilst I was doing this Claire began to wash Mrs Jones’s hands with soup and water after gaining permission to do so, Claire continued down the arms and rinsed off, whilst I dried the hands and arms Claire continued to wash the client’s chest. Claire removed the dressing from around the tube of the catheter and disposed of it and her gloves in the clinical waste bag, she  then went to wash her hands. When Claire retuned she had a fresh pair of gloves on she began to cleanse the skin from the tube outwards and then dried the area, she decided not to reapply another dressing as she felt it was not required but did tape down the tube to Mrs Jones’s stomach to pre vent it from dislodging. Claire carried on washing and rinsing Mrs Jones (Underarms, stomach, waste, genital area, (working outward to prevent infection) legs and feet) and I dried following Claire as she washed. The water that we used was kept clean at all times, as the used deposable wipes were not re-entered into the bowl. Whilst carrying out the bed bath myself and Claire assessed the Mrs Jones’s skin condition for any sours or broken skin. We applied talc to those areas Mrs Jones requested and then helped her to dress. We put the right arm in the nightgown first as this was her bad arm then subsequently her neck and left arm, there was no need to lower the nightgown much as this was a hospital nightgown with an open lower half, we then placed a linen sheet and blanket over her to keep her warm at Mrs Jones’s request. We raised the head of the bed to a seated position so that Mrs Jones was sitting upright. As I attended to Mrs Jones’s oral hygiene Claire combed Mr Jones hear to her particular style. I then started to tidy and clean the area and Claire began to document and update the care plan. Once I had cleaned and sanitised the table I replace Mrs Jones’s belonging on the table and placed the table close to her so everything she may need was of reach. FeelingsIn reflection to the incident at the time I felt as though everything went fine, but as I have had the opportunity to reflect on my experience in much more depth and detail I in writing this essay I felt as though I took the lead but only because I was given the opportunity to do so. Claire was fairly new to working as an Auxiliary Nurse and was somewhat inexperienced as this was the only ward she had worked on she had more knowledge of the ward setting and the type of conditions people are admitted with on the ward. I was quite confident in assisting in a bed bath of a client as I have worked in providing personal care to all type of client for a good few years now and believe that my experience as a Health Care Assistance helped me immensely. My uncertainty was of the client’s abilities and reactions to what we were actually doing it, that’s when I decided to talk to the client  and guild her through what we were doing. The thoughts in my head at the time were that the client may not have experience the type of bed bath that we were performing and may have not been something she was used to. I felt calm but a little apprehensive due to this but could find the words at the time to ask her if this was the way her carers would normally perform a bed bath. It is important to remain professional at all times and make sure the client didn’t feel too uncomfortable. I remember feeling somewhat responsible for the client as I was looking after her. I believe I acted in the best interest of my client and have acted in such a manner set out by the NMC Code of Professional Conduct. I felt that it would have been better for the staff nurse on duty to explain to the client in much more depth, why it was not possible to administer the drugs at the time of the clients request rather than just to say it’s not the right time and the drug round starts at 8:30. Although my client had told me the truth about her dislocated shoulder had been seen by the doctors and that it was safe to manoeuvre on as long as it was comfortable it was my responsibility to seek professional advice because of my uncertainty at the time. If for any reason had this not have been the truth there may have been serious repercussions. I don’t think I would have known what to do if her condition had worsened due to the manoeuvre. â€Å"The steps forward build on the steps backwards or sideways. They are also the steps necessary for self-reflecting† from this statement emphasised by Tschudin (1999) I able to understand that â€Å"confidence in the self† is quite an important quality to be have in order to acknowledge setbacks and mistakes, your should be able to learn from them and even see them as part of the overall picture. EvaluationI have grater knowledge of such issues that can arise if set guideline, policies and procedures are not followed. There are very few bad points that had taken place during this reflective experience. I believe it is important to involve the client in decision making which I failed to illustrate wherever possible this was when we redressed the client after bed bathing without involving the client and allowing the client to choose. We  all have a professional responsibility to provide care to all patients/clients to the highest possible standards of care that will not be compromised by infections standard set out by the NMC Code of Professional Conduct. I acknowledged limitations set out by the NMC Code of Professional Conduct, in that my knowledge and experience of the drugs on the ward was very limited and therefore I acquired help from a qualified member of staff. â€Å"You must behave in a way that upholds the reputation of the professions† outlined by the NMC Code of Professional Conduct this was maintain throughout the whole experience as I never spoke over the client nor did I ignore the client I showed the client up most respect. I was able to build a level of trust with theMy experience of working as a Health Care Assistance for and agency has enabled me to perform better in such conditions. By planning and discussing with the care team during handover and then with the patient about what our intentions are, what we are going to do and why, I was able to identify and minimise risks to the client. Seeing the way in which others behave or make mistakes allowed me to reflect on the point of view of others and to learn form them help me build on my knowledge. AnalysisI chose this experience as it is a procedure that I am quite confident with performing. Thiroux (1995) created his own set of principles of ethics, which can be applied to any situation. 1) The value of life, 2) Goodness or rightness, 3) Justice or fairness, 4) truth telling or honesty and 5) individual freedom. Ethical acts are executed in every day life even if we acknowledge it or not, the way we greet colleagues and clients even in the way in which we say ‘good morning. Tschudin (1999) p175. As a training professional we are accountable for our actions and therefore must be able to backup any decision making with evidence I could see from my  client’s facial expressions that she was uncomfortable and was experiencing some sort of upset, during which in actual fact she was in a fair amount of pain. ConclusionI felt that the approach I took was in the right way and with the right intentions set out by the NMC Code of Professional Conduct. My reflective experience was very basic I felt and did not allow for much discussion, although a lot of the experience was preparation, planning and assessing which prevented the experience to go bad in anyway. I feel that as I am a first year nursing student I am very limited in what I can do and because of this little opportunity is given to me to experience other than what I have preformed as a Health Care Assistant. I felt that myself and the Auxiliary Nurse worked well together and were able to share the responsibility equally. Overall I found reflection on my experience interesting as it allowed me to look at legal, ethical and professional issues surrounding nursing practice. Action PlanIf a situation like this was to arise again I think I would like to try to take out more time to talk to the client about how they are feeling, at time I felt like I was prying too much as I felt like I was doing most of the talking. I also feel that it is important for me to work along side more experienced members of staff or qualified member of staff to be able to learn more whilst on my placements. Although I experienced in providing personal care to client I am not too familiar with ward setting. I do not think I have learnt an awful lot on the practical side of my experience but by reflecting on my experience in this assignment has allowed me to understand professional, legal and ethical issues of providing care and the dilemmas surrounding health care professionals. In the future I would not always go on the clients say so and seek professional advice and not just take the patient word. Bibliography Bartter. K, (2001) Ethical Issues in Advanced Nursing Practice. London: Reed Elsevier Plc GroupBurnard. P, Chapman. C, (2004) Professional  and Ethical Issues in Nursing. 3rd Edition. London: Elsevier LimitedGlasper. A, Grandis. S, Jackson. P, and Long. G, (2003) Foundation Studies for Nurses: using Enquiry Based Learning. New York: Palgrave MacmillamThe NMC Code of Professional Conduct Standards for Conduct, Performance and Ethics. Standards 07-04. London: Nursing Midwifery CouncilTschudin. V, (1999) Nurses Matter: Reclaiming Our Professional Identity. London:Macmillan

Review on Related Literature (RRL) Essay

Recent data on college age drinking from NIH, specifically the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)–its first update since an initial review in 1976– has brought to light the significant consequences of binge drinking among college students. While the incidence of regular drinking has remained stable, the incidence of binge drinking has sharply increased. With it, the many adverse effects of overconsumption of alcohol can be life shattering not only among individuals and friends, but families. This report serves as a reminder of the serious effects of alcohol that may begin in youth and extend into young adulthood. This report importantly draws attention to the many serious consequences of binge drinking including blackouts, alcohol overdoses, motor vehicle accidents, poor academic performance, falls resulting in serious injuries, as well as the many lasting effects of sexual assaults (unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases), and even death. For example, numerous studies reveal that as binge drinking increases, a college student’s risk of experiencing adverse effects of alcohol use significantly increases. As an example, a recent study from Harvard revealed that students who binge one or two times during a 2-week period are nearly three times as likely as non–binge drinkers to experience a blackout, have unprotected or unplanned sex, destroy property, suffer an injury, do poorly in school, have a run-in with the police or drive after consuming alcohol. The bottom line is that the report provided a much needed update about the drinking behavior of college students as well as the negative consequences which are the end result. Contrary to popular beliefs, drinking levels have actually remained relatively unchanged at the same level on college campuses during the past 30 years or so. Two out of five male and female students take part in binge drinking. Binge drinking is defined as having more than 5 or more drinks in one sitting for men and four for women. What is clear from the report is that estimates of the rates of alcohol use and accompanying consequences are far from ideal. Missing data related to drink sizes along with the effects of alcohol on memory highlight the problematic collection of precise data from traditional self-report surveys. In addition, sexual assaults are often underreported leading to a  lack of accuracy in estimating the true scope of the problem. Further, mortality records may often leave out college specific information and because alcohol levels are not checked as commonly in non–traffic-related deaths leaves gaps of knowledge regarding the true number of college students who die from alcohol-related causes on an annual basis. Adding to this, college specific information is generally not contained in most hospital records or crime scene reports. There are two active national data surveys which evaluate drinking behavior of college students in the US. Monitoring the Future (MTF) is a yearly nationwide survey of alcohol and other drug use with examining 50,000 students in 8th, l0th, and 12th grades pooled from 420 public and private schools. Roughly 2,400 graduating seniors undergo repeat surveys in following years, to examine evolution of trends in aspects of college drinking. The second tool is the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), a yearly survey underwritten by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). It involves on one on one interview with over 67,000 children and teens above the age of 12 examining alcohol and other patterns of drug use. According to a meta-analysis by Carey and colleagues in 2012, campus initiatives to reduce as well as prevent binge drinking have had a significant impact based on research data. Additional data from MTF suggests that levels of binge drinking are declining among 12th graders, especially males. As researchers employ more effective measurement tools coupled with improvements in prevention, a reduction in high school drinking will hopefully translate into a downward trend of alcohol use among college students and the negative consequences which can be the end result. According to this article, Binge drinking gives an enormous impact on students especially on college levels. Various effects can be showcased based upon the statement of the article. As enumerated, alcohol brings instances that lead to things that are capable of misconduct and crime such as unwanted pregnancy, drink and drive, fist fight and even more that includes death for the most part. Binge drinking in particular is a continuous drinking of more than 4 shots or glass as well as consecutive days of drinking sessions. Thus, not an essential health habit specially in males. As it is, this kind of routine mainly by men has sharply increased leading to a critical awareness of the government. These recent studies showed that there is an abrupt increase on the levels of drinking practices in young teens and this may bring forth when they reach adulthood. Upon reaching adult stage with drinking habits intact, another set of higher crimes in particular can be formed out of it. Thus, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism are active and very supportive in making various actions towards the case of binge drinking on college students. Drinking must be avoided because college is one step towards living the real life. Thus, they must be aware of what alcohol can bring them and lead them towards. Yet when they’re in college, they are already capable of proper thinking and mature enough in making wise decisions in life. To prevent and be responsible enough towards binge drinking is essential and beneficial so that one can save money and health as well. At the University at Albany in 2000, Chad Waxman fit the profile of a college student primed for risky drinking: A freshman male fraternity brother who drank in high school, Waxman chose Albany in part for its balance between work and play. â€Å"I wanted that time to let loose,† he says. Despite the predictors, Waxman sailed through college in health and happiness, even serving in stu dent government and winning multiple leadership awards at the university before graduating in 2003. He went on to earn his master’s degree in counseling psychology and school counseling from Albany in 2005 and is now a PsyD candidate at Nova Southeastern University. How did Waxman, now 33, avoid the pitfalls of drinking common among college students? That’s a question psychologists are probing deeply. After all, each year, more than 1,825 college students die from alcohol-related accidents and nearly 600,000 are injured while drunk, according to a 2009 study in the Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. Another 696,000 are assaulted by another student who has been drinking, and 97,000 are victims of alcohol-related sexual assault or date rape, the study found. Then there’s the 25 percent of college students who report academic consequences related to alcohol — a hangover can quickly derail plans for class or study — and the 11 percent who admit damaging property after a night of drinking (Journal of American College Health, 2002). An estimated 5 percent get into legal trouble as a result of alcohol, the same study found. In all, of the 80 percent of college students who drink alcohol, half â€Å"binge drink,† or consume about four drinks in two hours for women and five in two  hours for men, according to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). â€Å"College drinking is sometimes still viewed as a harmless rite of passage, when in fact [college students] are drinking more than any other age or demographic group,† says psychologist James Murphy, PhD, of the University of Memphis, who studies addictive and health risk behaviors, including among college students. That’s particularly dangerous given that research shows this age group is much more impulsive even when alcohol’s not involved, he says. There’s also evidence suggesting that excessive alcohol use in young adulthood may impair brain development, including in cognition and memory, according to th e NIAAA. But college also presents an opportune time to equip students with the skills to approach alcohol intelligently, says Murphy. With 63 percent of young Americans ages 25 to 29 having completed at least some college, according to a report from the Pew Research Center, the setting is â€Å"a last prevention point for our society to address the risks associated with drinking,† he says. (Most research on college drinking so far involves mainly full-time students in four-year colleges and universities.) For Waxman, the time was ripe. As a peer facilitator in Albany’s Counseling Center, he helped motivate other students — and in effect, himself — to shift their drinking behaviors using one of many emerging interventions designed and tested by psychologists. The approaches address why a student drinks and are tailored for specific populations of students, such as athletes and freshmen. Some interventions are targeted to align with specific events, such as 21st birthday celebrations, as a way to reroute dangerous decisions made on a night that notoriously gets out of control. â€Å"Through learning the realities of alcohol, I realized you don’t have to drink like it’s a competition to have fun,† Waxman says. Most important, these interventions are evidence-based, says Mary Larimer, PhD, director of the University of Washington’s Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors and associate director of the Addictive Behaviors Research Center. â€Å"We know a lot more about what influences excessive alcohol use in this population and we can tailor the interventions to address those risk factors as well,† Larimer says. â€Å"That’s contributed to our ability to make a difference.† Prevention efforts One way psychologists are fine-tuning their efforts is by pinpointing who is most at risk for problems related to drinking. So far, research indicates that those most at risk are incoming freshmen, student athletes and those involved in the Greek system. Studies also show that men tend to drink more on average than women — but women progress faster over time from alcohol use to abuse, says Larimer. In fact, one study led by psychologist Bettina Hoeppner, PhD, of Harvard Medical School’s Center for Addiction Medicine, found that college women exceed the NIAAA’s weekly limits more often than men (Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 2013). â€Å"The gender gaps have closed a lot,† Larimer says. Personality factors, such as impulsivity and sensation-seeking, also contribute to risky drinking. Psychological research suggests that how different people respond to alcohol can help predict whose behavior will become problematic. Those who need a lot to experience its effects or who experience more of alcohol’s stimulating rather than sedative effects, for example, are at higher risk. Students who overestimate how much their peers drink, as well as those who expect great things from alcohol (â€Å"I will feel outgoing and meet my future boyfriend!†), are more likely to overindulge and experience alcohol’s negative consequences, such as engaging in unsafe sex, adds Larimer. Another factor appears to distinguish between students who drink a lot yet remain relatively safe and those who drink the same amount or less yet suffer the consequences: subjective intoxication. In other words, a student’s likelihood to get into trouble during or after drinking has as much to do with how drunk he or she feels as it does with how much he or she actually drinks, according to an NIAAA-funded study conducted by Kim Fromme, PhD, of the University of Texas at Austin’s SAHARA Lab (Studies on Alcohol, Health and Risky Activities) and colleagues. And those different perceptions could have biological roots, Fromme says. â€Å"We’re predicting specific genetic influences on those differences in people’s subjective levels of intoxication,† she says. Why a student drinks can also reveal a lot about how problematic his or her alcohol use may become, according to Clayton Neighbors, PhD, who directs the University of Houston’s Social Influences and Health Behaviors Lab. While some students drink for social and environmental reasons, such as being at a party, others drink for  emotional reasons, such as coping with a bad grade or a breakup. It’s the latter group — who may be turning to alcohol to handle another mental health problem such as post-traumatic stress disorder, depression or anxiety — whose members are primed for long-term alcohol abuse, researchers say. Up until the late 1990s, most colleges and universities approached risky drinking from a one-size-fits-all perspective. Campus-wide awareness campaigns and educational sessions during freshman orientation were popular but ineffective, the NIAAA Task Force on College Drinking found in 2002. That changed in 1999 when the late psychologist Alan Marlatt, PhD, of the University of Washington, and his team introduced Brief Alcohol Screening and Intervention for College Students, or BASICS. The intervention is used in varying forms by colleges nationwide when students come in for primary care or mental health services or are referred for an alcohol-related offense. BASICS gives students personalized feedback on their drinking behaviors, including comparing how much they drink with how much the average student on their campus drinks. The intervention also uses motivational interviewing by asking students open-ended, non-judgmental questions to explore drinking behaviors and generate motivati on to change. Finally, it offers individualized strategies — such as putting ice in drinks or assigning a designated driver — to help students drink in less risky ways. The method, which has been shown to reduce how much students drink as well as to reduce related negative consequences up to four years out, meets NIAAA’s highest standards for evidence-based college drinking interventions (American Journal of Public Health, 2001). But BASICS doesn’t work for every student. Those with high levels of social anxiety, for example, aren’t easily influenced to change by the notion that they’re overestimating how much their peers really drink. This can make them less receptive to the â€Å"norms correction† component of BASICS, a 2012 study in Psychology of Addictive Behaviors finds. About one-third of students who receive the intervention don’t change their drinking habits. Another drawback to the intervention is staffing: The traditional method requires one or two 50-minute sessions with a trained facilitator, who is often a mental health professional. That’s why many psychologists are experimenting with va riations of BASICS, such as by offering it in a Web-based format or presented by trained peers, rather than by mental health professionals. Researchers are also looking at ways to shorten the intervention: A 2013 study in Addictive Behaviors by Larimer and colleagues found that a 10-minute version of BASICS was just as effective as a 50-minute one. Larimer says shortening the intervention by picking and choosing from among its individual components — namely, the part that corrects students’ misperceptions of campus norms and the one that offers strategies for safer drinking — might be enough to elicit short-term effects and to work for students at lower risk. â€Å"The more comprehensive interventions, then, may have longer-lasting effects,† she suspects, but she says more research is needed to tease apart which variations work for whom. There’s also evidence that students can deliver the interventions just as effectively as mental health professionals. In one study, Larimer and colleagues delivered a BASICS-like intervention to 12 fraternities, varying who gave them feedback — e ither a peer interviewer or a professional research staffer. They found that both groups significantly reduced their alcohol intake when compared with controls (Journal of Alcohol Studies, 2001). Another study led by Fromme that looked at peers and professional providers who headed an alcohol prevention â€Å"lifestyle management course† for college students found similar outcomes (Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2004). But the research comes with caveats, says University at Albany psychologist Maria Dolores Cimini, PhD, who explored peer facilitators’ effectiveness through a five-year study funded by an NIAAA Rapid Response to College Drinking Problems grant and got mixed results. â€Å"Students can deliver these interventions, but they must be well-trained and very closely supervised,† she says (Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 2009). Waxman, who became trained as a peer facilitator at Albany’s Counseling Center during his sophomore year, said his efforts paid off among the peers he intervened with. â€Å"Having someone you can relate to †¦ saying, ‘This is the reality,’ really changes behavior,† he says. At the University at Albany Counseling Center, an intervention called the STEPS Comprehensive Alcohol Screening and Brief Intervention Program takes BASICS and tailors it for specific populations of high-risk drinkers, including first-year students, student athletes and students seeking primary health and mental health care on campus. A student athlete, for example,  learns how alcohol affects hydration and athletic performance — even days after taking the last sip. The key is speaking the students’ language, says Cimini, who directs the program. â€Å"If we can’t engage students and get them in for the intervention in the first place, we lose a golden opportunity to mobilize the change process at a time when students are most resilient and receptive to interventions.† In surveys conducted three and six months post-intervention, STEPS has been shown to significantly reduce alcohol use and risky behavior among each subgroup. Colleges, universities, community-based mental health service providers and higher-education-focused consortia across at least five states, including Washington, Pennsylvania and Mississippi have been trained in the method, and it has been accepted for inclusion in the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration’s National Registry of Evidence-Based Programs and Practices, Cimini says. That means it’s been peer-reviewed and is ready to be disseminated. At the University of Memphis, Murphy’s team is further personalizing BASICS by adding a one-hour supplement during which clinicians talk to students about their goals for college and beyond and then show them how their drinking patterns fit in with those aspirations. A student who wants to be a lawyer, for instance, might be given information about a pre-law club as well as the GPA typically needed to get into law school and to earn his desired future salary. The clinician then shows the student a plot based on his responses to an assessment revealing the number of hours per week he typically spends drinking compared with studying or participating in other academic activities. With the graph on hand, the two might then consider potential schedule changes such as dedicating one night a week to law club and another to homework to be more consistent with the student’s long-term goals. â€Å"Students often [don’t] think about their behavior in these sorts of aggregates, and when they’re forced to do so,† they’re motivated to change, Murphy says. The approach is based on behavioral economics, or the idea that behavior is influenced by availability and cost. In college, where beer is typically cheap and abundant, the framework helps to explain why drinking often gets out of control. But by highlighting appealing alternatives to partying, the approach suggests students will be more likely to steer clear of alco hol’s short-lived rewards. â€Å"All of that unstructured time, and a lack of awareness  of the future benefits of engaging in college or the community, is a lot of what is fueling this binge drinking problem,† he says. The approach appears to be working: In a preliminary study, Murphy’s team found that the intervention significantly reduced alcohol problems and heavy drinking among participants. With a new grant from the NIAAA, they’re now looking to replicate those findings and track the intervention’s long-term effects, on both drinking and college outcomes. â€Å"Given that the goals of the intervention are so consistent with the goals of universities, once we can show long-term effects, I’m optimistic that colleges will like it,† he says. Another emerging way to intervene with college drinking targets certain events, rather than people. Twenty-first birthdays are notoriously dangerous: In a 2011 study of 150 students in Psychology of Addictive Behaviors by Fromme and colleagues, participants reported drinking an average of 10.85 drinks on their 21st birthday. Many also experienced blackouts, had unsafe sex and engaged in other risky behaviors. To keep students safe on that milestone birthday, psychologists are looking at ways to time interventions so that students are reminded to use protective strategies if they plan to celebrate with alcohol. In one study by Neighbors and colleagues, for example, students received one of five BASICS-oriented interventions one week before their 21st birthdays (the interventions varied, with some being Web-based or in person, and some from each group involving a friend).Compared with a control group that received no intervention, the in-person interventions and some of the Web-based ones reduced negative consequences students had on their birthdays. The BASICS interventions that didn’t explicitly talk about the risks of 21st birthdays, but rather the risks of drinking in general, reduced both alcohol use and risky behavior, the study found (Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2012). While the event-specific approach is promising, it’s a short-term fix for a larger problem, Neighbors says. â€Å"The bigger picture question is: How do we change the culture of drinking on college campuses? It will take more time.† According to the study, drinking gave numerous valid percentages based upon statistical data conducted. The data gave inkling on what instances can be extracted for further results. Such as, college drinking can be  incontrollable if not prevented or diverted by another hobby since college level can have more time binge drinking compared to adult level persons. Making worse results relating to numeral crimes. Although drinking may be a bad thing, but it can also be beneficial in a reason that college is the specific stage on which students can act and drink responsibly yet some may not be able to resist against it. As stated by Mary Larimer PhD, there are a lot of reasonable statements on why and what triggers alcoholism on college students. This stance of Mary Larimer gave a more mature understanding on the study of college drinking towards a student’s academic performance. Alcohol is a potent beverage that can stimulate one’s emotions. According to recent study, males are more prominent in the field of alcoholism than women yet the opposite sex are more abusive than males. In terms of medical and scientific studies, alcohol impulses the brain to do things that are beyond limits and enhances the mind in a worse perception such as malevolent actions and false decisions due to unconsciousness of the environment. In some other points and limits, alcohol can deteriorate brain functions and in a much worse effect such as intoxication due to dizziness and continual vomiting. The NIAAA and other government organizations that is active in alcoholism awareness are continually making programs for the benefit of those students especially on college on how to control and prevent binge drinking that may lead up to intoxication and other poor decisions to be made. Through mature viewpoints and decisions, one can prevent alcoholism based upon focus and willingness. Importantly, one should consider and keep memories intact of how a lcohol can make your mind, health, and wealth be depleted in an instant. Worst thing is, unnoticed. The extent to which alcohol consumption impacts on both the quantity and quality of human capital accumulation is an important question given that it has long run implications for earnings. Following the human capital model developed by Becker (1964), an individual will invest in acquiring additional levels of human capital based on the expected return in future earnings. This decision takes into account both the costs of schooling and the rate at which future beneï ¬ ts are discounted. At the same time, facing both budget and time constraints, students make decisions about how much alcohol to consume. The consumption of alcohol can be expected to have a negative impact on schooling both directly through its potential impact on cognitive ability  and indirectly through its impact on study habits. A negative correlation between alcohol consumption and schooling also may be observed, however, due to the fact that individuals who face high costs and/or pla ce a lower value on future earnings may invest less in schooling and at the same time these individuals may be more likely to engage in heavy drinking behavior. Hence, controlling for the potential endogeneity between drinking and schooling is of key importance in establishing a causal link between alcohol use and schooling outcomes. Establishing such a causal link will inform policy makers about the impact of alcohol policies on human capital accumulation and the potential to reduce productivity losses associated with increased alcohol consumption. The results from the existing literature that examines the impact of alcohol consumption on educational attainment is mixed. Not surprisingly, studies that do not account for the potential endogeneity between drinking and schooling measures ï ¬ nd that alcohol consumption signiï ¬ cantly reduces schooling levels. In this regard, drawing on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), Yamada, Kendix and Yamada (1996) found that both the number of liquor and wine drinks consumed during the past week and being a frequent drinker signiï ¬ cantly reduced the probability of high school gradu ation. A 10% increase the probability of being a frequent drinker was found to reduce the likelihood of graduation by 6.5%. Also without accounting for endogeneity, Mullahy and Sindelar (1994) used data from the Wave 1 of the New haven site of the National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiological Catchment 3Area survey and found that alcoholic symptoms prior to age 22 reduced years of schooling by 5%. Among the studies that control for the possible correlation between the unobservables that aï ¬â‚¬ect both drinking and schooling choice, the results range from signiï ¬ cant to moderate to no eï ¬â‚¬ect at all of youthful drinking on educational attainment. Using two-stage-leastsquares (2SLS) to account for endogeneity, Cook and Moore (1993) draw on the NLSY to examine the eï ¬â‚¬ect of alcohol consumption (number of drinks per week, frequent drinking, and being frequently drunk) on the years of post-secondary schooling. The authors found that all three drinking measures signiï ¬ cantly reduce years of schooling with frequent drinkers completing 2.3 years less of college. Most recently, Koch and Ribar (2001) use data on samesex siblings from the  1979-90 NLSY to examine the eï ¬â‚¬ect of the age at which youths ï ¬ rst drank regularly on the number of years of schooling completed by age 25. Using a siblings IV model, the results suggest that the eï ¬â‚¬ect of drinking o nset is moderate – delaying drinking for a year leads to 1/4 year of additional schooling. However, drawing on 1977-92 Monitoring the Future data, Dee and Evans (1997) use a two-sample instrumental variables procedure relying on within-state variation in their instruments to examine the eï ¬â‚¬ect of being a drinker, moderate drinker, and heavy drinker on high-school completion and college entrance and attainment. Overall, they ï ¬ nd that controlling for endogeneity, teen drinking does not have a signiï ¬ cant eï ¬â‚¬ect on educational attainment. Similarly, based on NLSY data, Chatterji (1998) ï ¬ nds that her estimation results based on models that account for endogeneity reveal no signiï ¬ cant eï ¬â‚¬ect of teen alcohol consumption on the number of grades completed by age 21. Most of this literature focuses on the educational outcomes related to prior teenage drinking behavior. In this paper, we propose to focus on college-level educational outcomes as a result of current drinking behavior. This is a particularly relevant issue, given that alcohol is a common element in the environments of most college campuses (in 1999, the annual alcohol prevalence rate among college students was 83.6% (Wechsler, Lee, Kuo and Lee, 2000)). Drawing on information available in the Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol 4Study (CAS), we provide evidence on the extent to which alcohol consumption impacts on college study habits which in turn are expected to aï ¬â‚¬ect human capital accumulation. Assessing the mechanisms through which alcohol consumption impacts schooling may shed further light on the extent to which policies aimed at reducing alcohol consumption among young adults may aï ¬â‚¬ect the quality and quantity of human capital accumulation. Current evidence exists on the direct eï ¬â‚¬ect of drinking on cognitive ability. Based on clinical studies, Nordby (1999) showed that drinking reduces recall which can be expected to have a direct eï ¬â‚¬ect on schooling. However, we are not aware of existing empirical evidence of the eï ¬â‚¬ects of alcohol consumption on indirect eï ¬â‚¬ects such as study habits. We examine the impact of alcohol consumption deï ¬ ned by the average number of drinks consumed per drinking occasion among college students who drink on the probability of skipping a class and getting behind in school. We use a two-stage generalized least squares estimation procedure to account  for potential correlation in the unobservables that determine drinking behavior and study habits. Generating consistent estimates of the eï ¬â‚¬ect of drinking on college study habits requires an exogenous source of variation in college drinking. That is, we require variables that aï ¬â‚¬ect college drinking levels but do not directly aï ¬â‚¬ect study habits. In this regard, we use the price of alcohol, college-level information on access to alcohol, and state-level alcohol policies to identify alcohol consumption. Our results reveal that given the endogeneity of college drinking and study habits, single-stage estimation methods overestimate the true eï ¬â‚¬ect of the quantity of college drinking on the likelihood of missing a class and getting behind in school. To further investigate the study habit behavior of our college sample, we also estimate our model separately by year of class. We ï ¬ nd di ï ¬â‚¬erential eï ¬â‚¬ects of drinking on the study habits of freshman and their upper-year counterparts. Our paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes our model of the relationship between alcohol consumption and study habits. Section 3 describes our data and summary statistics. Our estimation results are presented in section 4 and we conclude in section 5 with a discussion of potential policy implications to improve study habits and reduce productivity losses due to alcohol consumption among college students. Alcohol consumption has occurred for thousands of years. In many parts of the world, drinking alcoholic beverages is a common feature of social gatherings. Underage drinkers are susceptible to the immediate consequences of alcohol use, including blackouts, hangovers, and alcohol poisoning, and are at elevated risk of neuro-degeneration (particularly in regions of the brain responsible for learning and memory), impairments in functional brain activity, and neuro-cognitive defects . In addition to the individual’s personality itself, many variables influence drinking behavior: genetics; gender; ethnicity; college; religiosity; occupation; marital status; friends and family. Young college students are especially vulnerable to alcohol and this wide availability favors abusive use. Despite of all risks, they are still not protected by laws against alcohol industry and therefore, it is known that they represent the main target population of advertising campaigns, which encourage alcohol use as a way to belong to their group, freedom, and especially, entrance to adulthood, a sense of being free from the family control. Worldwide studies have addressed the  behavior of college students regarding psychoactive substances. Most of them focused on the vulnerability of students and the need to encourage intervention and preventive measures about alcohol consumption. College students consume more alcohol than their age-matched, nonstudent peers. How does problem drinking affect young people’s schooling? In some cases the linkage between problem drinking and study habits is profound. Drinking can affect the biological development of young people as well as their school-related achievement and behavior. Serious alcohol use among youth has significant neurological consequences. Alcohol damages areas of the brain responsible for learning and memory, verbal skills and visual-spatial cognition. Diagnosticians often find that these skills in adolescents who drink are deficient in comparison to those who aren’t drinking. Scientists know that alcohol problems are tied to lower grades, poor attendance and increases in dropout rates. The 2000 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA – now known as the National Survey on Drug Use and Health), a federal study, found that as rates of alcohol use by 12- to 17-year-olds increase, grade point averages decrease. Middle school students whose peers avoid using alcohol and other drugs score higher on state reading and math tests than other students. In any given age group, heavy and binge drinkers are 4-6 times more likely than nondrinkers to say they cut classes or skipped school. They are twice as likely as nondrinkers to say tha t their school work is poor, and they report more frequently that they are disobedient at school. Among high school students, those who use alcohol are five times more likely to drop out than those who don’t use alcohol. These problems are not limited to the middle and high school setting; hangovers and drinking by college students lead to missed classes and falling behind in school work.

Case Study of Uber

CASE STUDY ON DEMAND ANALYSIS OF UBER CABS How Uber works ? The process is simple from the consumer’s point of view: You request a car by texting your address or by using Uber’s iPhone or Android app. Because Uber sends the nearest driver to your location to pick you up, your ride arrives within 5 to 10 minutes. Then you just hop into your car and get out at your destination, with no need of fumbling with money because Uber automatically charges your credit card. (You punch in your credit card information into the app before requesting a car. The Algo: †¢ From the computer scientist’s point of view, the process is a noble attempt at solving the complicated traveling-salesman problem, in which you’re trying to determine the shortest path visiting each location only once. â€Å"Each car has its own traveling-salesman problem,† Kalanick told Wired. †¢ Uber has created algorithms that try to connect car-hailers with the nearest car. And it tweaks this algorithm every day, when they analyze car demand and routes. Ensuring that everything works smoothly are a bunch of operation managers looking at a â€Å"God View† (pictured above) that shows where each Uber car is. Demand: The way the company ensures there are enough cabs for demand is also complicated: They analyze weather forecasts, knowing that there will be more demand for rides when it rains, and also take sporting and other events into consideration, and increase fares depending on how high that demand is. So more cabs will be on the road when demand is high because the drivers will be getting paid more. And from the other perspective, only people who are willing to pay the higher price will be riding, which also moderates demand. ) Microsoft on Demand Analysis: http://blogs. discovermagazine. com/discoblog/2010/11/05/the-secret-knowledge-of-taxi-drivers-could-be-added-to-online-maps/ MERU CABS:: Driver Audit of Meru Cabs: This academy is for the chauffeurs. The professionals at the academy focus on personal key attribute of them . The academy runs a few comprehensive programs on personal grooming and hygiene and social hehaviour. To start with, the subscriber is given a one-week extensive training program on customer handling, safe driving skills, company processes, city road knowledge and operation of the vehicle hardware including the electronic meter and the devices in the vehicle. A refresher course is also conducted every quarter to ensure that the subscribers remain courteous to passengers and provide the best quality of service possible. How big is the fleet at present? What are the expansions plans, given the increasing demand? Currently we have 5000 cabs across four cities. ,800 in Mumbai, 800 in Hyderabad, 1,200 in Delhi, and 1,200 drivers in Bangalore. We plan on adding an additional 500 drivers in each city by March 2011. Meru cabs ply in Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore and Hyderabad. We are evaluating the cities of Chennai, Pune and Kolkata. What are the various technology best practices adopted by the company? We have installed various automated systems like a digital tamper proof meter on board, high- end GPS and GPRS to ensure real-time cab location and dispatch, a mobile data terminal (MDT). Currently, consumers also have the option to pay for their fare by a credit/debit card. Further, an automated speed control alarm in the cab warns the chauffeur if he crosses the speed limit. We get around 2. 5-3 lakh calls per week across the four cities that we operate in. The call center uses advanced interactive voice response (IVR) system. Also to increase productivity and improve service levels we have implemented ERP System from Oracle, Siebel. Our data center hosts a set of communication servers, application servers, and database servers which are connected with each taxi through GPRS. We are the only Indian company which has built such a world-class IT infrastructure. Does Meru have a segmented category of corporate and individual customers? What would be the figures like? Meru has incorporated additional facilities like a card payment option that has been launched in Bangalore, Delhi and Hyderabad, and will soon be launched in Mumbai. More than 1 million passengers travel per month across four cities. Meru Cabs are used for business travel, entertainment occasions, airport and railway drops. Today there is an increasing usage for shopping trips and sometimes even school trips due to parking issues.

Political Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Political Economy - Essay Example The post World War II world saw the mainstreaming of studies on cultural and creative industries as it was an absolute necessity to explore and grasp the changing nature of politics and economics in the developed countries. The end of the cold war marked the beginning of a 'cultural turn' in the globalized world. The worldwide dissemination of the values and attitudes of the West in general and the United States of America in particular has been the focus of attention for not only academicians but also for ordinary people from across the world. There have been intense debates over the impact of globalization and the consequent transformations in the realm of culture from a number of conflicting standpoints. The idea of cultural imperialism has been particularly influential in the understanding of the profound transformations that are taking place in the sphere of culture. Regardless of the difference among these contesting perspectives on the characterization of this cultural turn, there exists a consensus on the incredible role of global media as carrier of the unprecedented changes pertinent to culture at both global and local levels. However, culture should no longer be perceived as a locally bounde d 'whole way of life' as the components of culture themselves have profoundly changed. It has been suggested that culture should not be viewed as introverted, tied to place and inward looking as it used to be in history. Rather, culture is seen as an outward-looking 'translocal learning process'. The intangibility is one of the important factor in defining a cultural product or commodity. Certainly, the content of cultural commodities is immeasurable and 'cultural' in nature. Here, cultural means that the use value of a cultural commodity is satisfying some of the mental, psychological needs of a user in one way or another from a culturally determined standpoint. Speaking from the opposite, a cultural commodity has no 'physical' value apart from its ability to gratify given cultural tastes of a consumer. In broad terms, cultural industries are characterised by the production, creation, transmission, dissemination, registration, protection, participation and mass consumption of cultural and creative types of intangible and immeasurable contents, which are available in the market as exchangeable commodities or services. Globalisation represents not only the competitive distribution but also the co-operative sharing of cultural and creative goods. Cultural industries deal with the mechanisms of production, distribution and use of cultural goods. Laws and provisions concerning copyright and intellectual property rights are used to protect and ensure the value based exchangeability of such commodities and services in the marketplace. The term 'cultural industries' denotes that culture is part of the economic sector. The state considerably regulates the cultural industry as a sector of economy but not without political implications. Crafts, designs, printed and published materials, multimedia creations, pornographic

Marketing Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Marketing - Article Example In very much the same way, the article in question analyzes the means by which thou you based marketing can be used in pharmaceuticals to ensure that long-term ability to innovate and value is not lost. Moreover, the article indicates that the pharmaceutical firms have suffered a great deal with regards to public image in the past three years as exorbitantly high prices have not been able to integrate correctly with the simplistic definition about you based marketing which is as follows: value= benefit/cost. Naturally, an understanding of value-based marketing that would seek to promote a level of continued good or service availability and favorable consideration would necessarily place a positive and larger value of benefit once the entire equation has worked out. In much the same way, the article seeks to engage the consumer of pharmaceuticals in a way that actively promotes a â€Å"language of value†. Although pharmaceuticals has been used as the case in point for this part icular article review, the fact of the matter is that any and every product must engage in value-based marketing if it intends on its product or service offerings to continually be integrated with in a positive manner by the consumer base.... As the article indicates, Apple chose to engage with the Indian subcontinent by selling their otherwise highly expensive mobile devices through a series of Apple backed finance plans. Rather than engaging any other financial institutions in securing such short-term financial obligations, Apple Inc. the cited that a far better approach would be to offer such financing options in house as a means of engaging tens and even hundreds of thousands of potential clients that otherwise would not have the discretionary income to afford an outright purchase of their device. With this illustrates is that a firm which is able to integrate into specific markets utilizing specific tools is invariably able to experience a higher degree of success and longevity than one who uses a rather formulaic and unimaginative market penetration strategy that is not based on the dynamics of the needs of the region/socioeconomic situation in question. Chapter 3: Ethics in Marketing http://www.marketingmagazine.co .uk/article/1184004/understanding-britains-upmarket-ethical-consumers Although it might be nice to imagine that firms engage in ethical marketing merely due to the fact that it is the right thing to do, the fact of the matter is that this ordinarily takes place only as a means of generating further profitability. It doesn’t take a great deal of imagination to recall any of the major companies in the world advertising that they are engaging in ethical work as a means of providing what many market colleges refer to as a â€Å"warm fuzzy† feeling within the end consumer. However, the particular article in question, Understanding Britain’s Upmarket Ethical Consumers† details the means by which firms that engage in ethical marketing can reap a verifiably and statistically higher

History of China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

History of China - Essay Example The Second United Front involved alliance of KMT and CCP in Second Sino-Japanese war and it suspended the civil wars in China from 1937 to 1946. Kai-Shek viewed Chinese Communists as a threat, and true to his perception, they kidnapped him and compelled him to the truce with communists. This resulted to the two parties suspending the fighting to focus on Second United Front that fought against the Japanese. The actual cooperation between CCP and KMT remained minimal. The two parties still vied for territorial advantage in China. This resulted to major clashes, and Kai-shek demanded evacuation of New Fourth army from CCP. This weakened CCP in central China and ended any substantive cooperation between the two. However, in Japan, CCP absorbed KMT forces and made them into puppet forces. Eventually, CCP gained full control of North China. Therefore, the Second United Front became less successful than the first one since it led to the weakening of the KMT in North China and CCP in Centra l China. The two groups never worked as an alliance (Dirlik, 2000). Reasons for Failure of Chiang Kai-Shek in Destroying the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) The victory of CCP over the reactionary Chiang Kai-shek’s power marked a monumental change within the Chinese history. The events were unexpected since CCP came to power through reactionary program of the ‘revolution by stages’. First, the strategy of countering the Stalinist strategy of conquering cities using peasant armed forces alone enhanced the overthrowing of bourgeois Kuomintang regime. During this period, the urban population persistently fought for the oppressed and exploited and brought about an armed insurrection. This led to confusion among the Chinese Comrades of the traditional conception and facts (Taylor, 2006). Second, the Chiang’s regime was completely rotten since it was established amid bloodshed of second Chinese revolution defeat. This made it hostile to people using Asiatic method s. The regime could have only protected itself from imperialist powers since it represented the bourgeoisie of Orient. Therefore, it used all reactionary influences in resisting the masses, and consequently, it was unable to fulfill the bourgeoisie democratic tasks. After the failure of non-defensive policy, Chiang government had to fight the Japanese, and this revealed their incompetence where they lost several cities. Such acts stirred dissatisfaction among people reflected through demonstrations and unrest of the peasants (Taylor, 2006). After Japanese defeat, Chiang’s government became corrupt looting all the public property and engaged in extravagant dissipation and luxury. This inflamed the masses’ fury and provoked large scale demonstrations. Chiang hoped to use his military in exterminating CCP. He hoped to defeat CCP due to advanced warfare and the large army. However, his army remained isolated and divided due to mistreatment from their leaders. This shifted even the attention of those people who supported it (Dirlik, 2000). Relationship between Chiang Kai-Shek and the United States Prior to Second World, War, most powerful influences originated from American imperialists. It intended to uphold Chiang’s government and monopolize the Chinese markets. This dispatched significant military equipment to the government in China. This made Chiang

Celebrity vs. Ordinary People Phenomenon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Celebrity vs. Ordinary People Phenomenon - Essay Example According to Franklin (1997), who has introduced such definition as â€Å"newszak†, there is a salient change in journalism’s priorities that can be explained with freelancing and unstable working conditions of reporters. It has been found that to attract as many viewers and readers as possible in extremely competitive environment, journalists use tricky method of raising people’s interest with a help of celebrities’ lives. They prefer divulge news in a soft manner due to the dominant position of sensationalism in people’s perception tendency. People start to value more the news about entertainment sphere than some actions and events with world-wide significance. Therefore, by its level of popularity public service media gradually starts to exceed coverage of political, economic and social news of the world. Due to Rojek (2001), there are three major interconnected historical facts that have managed to intensify implementation of celebrity phenomeno n in media, such as social democratization, drop of organized religion, and increase of influence of goods and services in day-to-day person’s activity. Numerous authors claim that modern society is affected by so called pseudo-events that demonstrate the obliteration between reality and fantasy (Rojek 2001). However, this peculiarity draws audience’s attention managing to propagandize role models and considerably enhance rating of consecutive TV show or magazine. Investigating consumer’s behavior on the market of goods and services, it has been noticed that today potential customers are more informed than several years ago, that is why it is hard to impress or fascinate... Famous people have managed to occupy every sphere of our life. Giles states that fame should be considered more as a process than current status, which can benefit every disputed sphere. People are still considered to be inferiors in media business. Hence, today reporters divulge only that news which authorities need to disclose, otherwise, some serious facts can be secretly hidden from audience if this information somehow is able to damage influential people. Government uses media for being able to influence and manipulate population; meanwhile, ordinary people naively accept it as a fair surge of democratization. Access of common people to media has commercial ground, because giving people opportunity to be closer to the process of news’ creation makes friendly atmosphere and relationship between population and authorities and helps government to eradicate unnecessary opinion within mass and lobby individuals to follow proclaimed principles. In opinion of different authors, modern journalism suffers from crisis of legitimacy. Therefore, it is recommended to create explanatory journalism with opinions and multi-perspective news (Allan, 2011, p. 264). In addition, it is urgent to provide new methods of people’s participation in state’s life, because as Turner (2010, p. 72) claims ‘ordinary people’ phenomenon is just another â€Å"exclusively economic method† that is not able to democratize society the way it can be falsely assumed. For enhancing democratic level of the country, more radical measures should be implemented.

HS2- cost vs benefits Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

HS2- cost vs benefits - Dissertation Example TABLE 1: Report of HSR Documents in the UK YEAR REPORT AUTHOR KEY NOTES February, 2004 High Speed Rail: International comparisons Commission for Integrated Transport (CfIT) Geographical and demographic factors created differences in international markets. The current railway network in Britain’s network was in order. The rail network capacity was good. 2005 High Speed Line Study WS Atkins A forecast made on overcrowding of lines. There was need for investment in HSR with a check on economic case. 2016 proposed as the opening date for the project. December, 2006 The Eddington Transport Study Sir Rod Eddington The long distance connections never provided better connectivity in relation to the local connections that are short distanced. Doubts on real benefits of HSR considered. HSR could not reduce carbon emission. Other viable options for transport in long distances considered of lower costs than HSR. June, 2007 HS2 Proposition, the WCRL corridor Greengauge21 Due to capacity sh ortfall, HS2 proposed as the best option to solve the crisis. The costs earlier predicted about HSR seen as not logical. HSR network offered a continuation for HS1. A growth predicted on demand for WCML which will boost connection in the corridor and boost economic growth. January, 2009 High Speed Two Department for Transport The new government to consider construction of HS2. HS2 Company to be created so that it deals with network planning. HSR to address the problem of overcrowding. September, 2009 The case for new lines Network Rail A network configuration and service pattern proposal created. London was considered to be the main area in focus. WCML was the first HST alignment to be built. September, 2009 A step forward Greengauge21... This research will begin with the background knowledge on high speed rail. The high speed rail entered the UK in 2007 following the completion of Channel Tunnel to London. It was called Channel Tunnel Rail Link, currently referred to as High-Speed 1 or HS1. A political consensus on the construction of HSR network in UK for trains running with a maximum speed of 350 kmph is currently preferred. The next project is the construction of High Speed 2 that will connect London and the northern parts of UK. According to UK transport policy, HS2 is viewed as the most appropriate mode of transport for the region in relation to the increased demand for rail network and transport. An extensive study on the program in the year 2004 by different countries in the world revealed that UK had not implemented the High-Speed rail. Other countries like Germany, Japan, France and Spain had already adopted it. The study revealed that UK had not seen the need for High-Speed rail because of demand in the tra nsport sector. The available modes of transport were in a position to hold the capacity. Several reports drawn from the table show that a growing demand for rail transport cannot be met with the current network and therefore a viable solution should be sought to hold the situation. A further forecast for the future has enhanced its implementation. The reason backing HS2 was lack of capacity in UK rail network. The proposal for HS2 by Rail Network was after careful consideration on possible alternatives using WCML alignment.

Marketing strategy for Blackmore product in Vietnam market Assignment

Marketing strategy for Blackmore product in Vietnam market - Assignment Example Firstly, the entry mode choice of Blackmore Company to entry Vietnam market will be introduced through the joint venture with local organisation as Traphaco which is seen as the big income of selling the vitamins and nutrition products in Hanoi capital of Vietnam. Secondly, SWOT analysis will be coming with the overview of Blackmore’s product based on its brand, quality, technique, product design in order to predict the potential opportunities in Vietnam market. Moreover, analysing Blackmore’ competitors is showed up including: foreign company as Sanofi Aventis of France and Novartis of Switzerland, the local company as Pharbaco of Hanoi and Pharma of Hochiminh city. Furthermore, the company and marketing objectives will be introduced such as providing and contribution the best Australian nutritional product’s quality to Vietnam, creating the brand equity, gaining over 10% of market share in 3 years and standing on top ten biggest suppliers in the nutrition product with vitamins and supplements in medical industry. Next part coming is generic marketing strategies which is focused on branding. In additional, the market segmentation and market positioning will be provided. These task are considered to target consumers such as young, medium and high income class combined with the positioning of product of high quality and price. Finally, this report will be focused on strategies of promotion and product. To sum up the report, the recommendations and conclusion is given. Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary.................................................................................. 2. Table of contents....................................................................................... 3. Introduction............................................................................................... 4. The brief background to Blackmore Company and product. The summary of macro-environment analysis of Vietnam market................................. 5. Entry mode choice.................................................................................... 5.1 Why choose the joint venture to entry? .............................................1... 5.2 Partner selection................................................................................ 6. SWOT analysis............................................... ........................................ 7. Competitor analysis............................................................................... 8. Company objectives, marketing objectives and generic marketing strategies............................................................................................... 8.1. Company objectives....................................................................... 8.2. Marketing objectives....................................................................... 8.3. Generic marketing strategies for Blackmore in Vietnam market..... 9. Market segmentation and brand positioning for Blackmore product....... 9.1. Market segmentation......................................................................... 9.2. Blackmore’s brand positioning........................................................ 10. Marketing mix strategies............................................................................ 10.1. Promotion strategies.................. ....................................................... 10.2. Product strategies............................................................................. 11. Conclusions.................................................................................................. 12. List reference................

Current Event Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Current Event Article - Essay Example The Baluchis continue to observe their indigenous and local traditions that were observed. The traditions of the Baluchis to some extend control some social behavior (Ferraro, Gary, 2009). Culture as holistic system is evident from the article of the Baluchis. Culture is a system of interconnected parts. Anthropological approach, involves biological and social culture aspects of humanity (Barrett, 2004). This is the people’s genetic bequest as well as what they acquire from the environment after birth. A custom that the Baluchi refer to as Beggari is a social culture aspect is practiced. This is when a youth reaches the age of marriage but unfortunately he can’t meet the marriage expenses due to a tough economic condition that he might be facing. Such a condition allows the youth to go to his relatives and friends to discuss about the marriage decision, he therefore asks for their â€Å"Beggari,† which means, their contribution. This tradition is so much respected by the Baluchi community that even the poorest member cannot refuse to contribute to such an offer (Pirmohamad 2014). Another aspect of anthropology that makes it holistic is the fact that it studies all varieties of people wherever they may be found. As it is depicted from the article is the diversification of Baluchi language (Ferraro, Gary, 2009). The language is spoken in various countries such as Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan India, the Persian, gulf Arab-States, Turkmenistan and East Africa. It is classified as a member of the Iranian group of the Indo-European language family which includes Kurdish, Persian, Pashto, Dari, Tajik, and Ossetia. This can evidently show that the Baluchi language is integrated in various countries. It has also two main dialects: Eastern and Western, the western dialect comprises of Rakhshani in the north and Makrani in the south. It is interesting to note that areas where the eastern

Royal Greenland Essay Example for Free

Royal Greenland Essay Royal Greenland is the largest producer of cold water prawns and the market leader of ever expending seafood products. The company belongs to Greenland and catches their primary raw materials and the clear ice cold water from there. The company has its modern part of hunting and fishing culture, which is always existed there and the catches are made with deep respect in Greenland nature and people. Royal Greenland’s clear aim is activities to contribute to the wellbeing Greenland community. Royal Greenland is not just a brand – it’s a promise. No matter what the challenges are, the company depends of committed staff. Royal Greenland has focus on quality and refuses to compromise. In this way Royal Greenland has been a reliable supplier and a trust world partner since 1774. Today is the company still in lead and extended itself as the most innovated and competitive player on the market. Whether if its own brand, as a supplier of private labels or via directed sells to the industry. For more than 230 years has Royal Greenland been associated with the first class seafood. The company’s future plans in investing are to have focus on improving their techniques and products to match the need of their modern consumer. Royal Greenland cooperates with private and public research institutions in order to continue developing their processing, distribution techniques and production. 2. Royal Greenland brand value Applying the Maslow hierarchy of needs, one may argue that Royal Greenland customers seek for self-esteem, recognition and status; they believe that being seen with the Royal Greenland products brand will fulfill these needs. Therefore, the value added to its customers is more intrinsic, being that is a physiological need the act of eating. Royal Greenland Royal Greenland However we may say that Royal Greenland stands in between level 1 and 2 of the Maslow Pyramid and maybe some may argue also between level 3, so that it can be also associated to a kind of luxury level of food and restaurants. Anyway is mainly a physiological need, the customers go for best in the balance of quality facing price. 3. The 4 P’s Products Seafood such as shellfish, natural fish, smoked and marinated fish, prawns. In their webpage they have a catalogue with 162 of different kind variation of the seafood that they offer. As a full-range supplier of seafood products Royal Greenland’s product assortment reflects the company’s ability to meet the need of our consumers and Royal Greenland’s ability to renew ourselves. In Royal Greenland marketing it is in matter; at their products have high quality standards. Royal Greenland is proud to present a broad range of high quality seafood products from their own fisheries and from selected suppliers around the world. They offer the â€Å"highest quality standards† in the world – their global quality team makes sure of that. If there are any complains about the products or about the services, the company takes them serious and they take professional action towards and try to avoid that happening again. Price For centuries, Royal Greenland has been associated with high quality seafood at affordable prices. The company’s product range makes it possible to prepare healthy and tasty meals for any occasion. Royal Greenland, have a price that most customers can afford. Royal Greenland gives the customers the products what they pay for. Place – They owns Production facilities in Canada, Denmark, Germany, Greenland and Poland. The customers can be sure that Royal Greenlands products get delivered o time and in a perfect condition. When dealing with perishable food products and especially frozen goods, it is extremely important to keep temperature constant during transportation and storage. In order to retain the high, natural quality of their products they are checked all the way from production, through storage to the customer by their Quality Control Team. In Denmark the company is distributing in different Danish supermarkets such as Irma and Fotex Promotion They use as promotion mainly their homepage. There the customers can find information about the company, the quality of their products, the way they prepare their products. Even though that the company don’t use any special way to promote themselves, Royal Greenland is the largest producer of cold water prawns and the market leader of ever expending seafood products. 4. Strategic Analysis For in depth analysis, to start with we need to identify the elements which affect the strategic decision; strategic position and strategic choice. The strategic position, where it argues the environmental and stakeholder’s effect on the issue, we identified two elements; economic downturn and new consumer needs. We used the Ansoff matrix to show how Royal Greenland stands concerning Markets and Products as it is shown below. Upon investigation of the company’s reports, one comprehends that both the sales growth rate and profit margin are declining. The company in its mature phase reveals that is the time to look for new segments or new markets. The time seems right for diversification by new product in new markets. 5. IMS (International Market Selection) Analyses The IMS analysis will help us to identify the right market to export. It is based on low psychic distance, low cultural distance and low geographic distance. Our assignment is about Far East countries and Polynesian Islands. We don’t have to argue why it is that, because it’s given. - In their official webpage there is a summary of companies owned or partially owned by the parent company Royal Greenland A/S. There we can see that Royal Greenland is a limited company and 100% of the stock is owned by the Greenlandic Selfrule Government is in Japan. That means that they already have knowledge with the Far East culture, and are ready to export to more Far East countries a brow. Royal Greenland is the biggest seafood company in Denmark. Royal Greenland is a large and complex organization with subsidiaries in a number of countries around the world. Royal Greenland A/S had an annual turnover in 2010/2011 of 4,7 billion DKK and more than 1,800 employees around the world. It has advantage of food  fresh  and  production technology. Royal Greenland has expanded to  many countries and regions on sale. The global economic is downturn, we should keep currently market share and develop the new market. Royal Greenland owns several production facilities located in the immediate vicinity of fisheries and their â€Å"key markets† Greenland, Canada, Denmark, Poland, Germany. We will go along 4 steps. We will describe more detail the general and specific criteria that is mention above. Step 1: In step one, we have the micro level. – Here we make decision which market the product is going to enter. This is about external factors such as PESTEL (politics economic, social, technology, environment and legal). In the first step we analysis IMS (International market selection). We chose New Zealand, China and Philippines. We will mainly look at those three countries political and economic factors. After those first reflections, we can figure out where we want to start. We will reduce from three, to two countries. Then we will make a Pest Analysis and compare them. Criteria – size and economy. Step 2: In step two, we have MECO. We will do our product analysis and market analysis. We will find information about the competitors, and compare our products to the competitors. We will do a competitive analysis. Step 3: Internal analysis. All the internal tickets: are proactive or reactive. Step 4: In step four we actually do segmentation in regards to customers. Demographics – lifestyle, age, gender, buyer behavior, income. New Zealand PESTEL Analysis Political and Environmental Factors: Elizabeth 11 queen of New Zealand has no real political influence and her position is essentially symbolic. Political power is held by the democratically elected Parliament of New Zealand under leadership of Prime Minister, who is the head of government. New Zeland has ranked fifth in the world for political stability in the IMD world competitiveness yearbook 2009. In New Zealand electronics are held every three years so the government has to at time make some compromises with economic growth in order to pursue its political motives. While it may have been acceptable in the past for businesses to pursue profits single minden with a little or no consideration for the wider social and environmental impact of their activities, this is not the case anymore today. The consumer movement and the environmental lobby are now firmly established as vigilant and powerful watchdogs, and have successfully brought changes in business practice and in how businesses must operate. In New Zealand the government announced significant changes to business taxation and the business environment to help develop a more innovative and dynamic economy better able to compete in the global marketplace. Economic Analysis: The Economy of New Zealand is a market economy which is greatly dependent on international trade, mainly with Australia, the European Union, the United States, China and Japan. It has only small manufacturing ad high-tech sectors, being strongly focused on tourism and primary industries like agriculture (though both sectors are highly profitable). Economic tree – market reforms of the last decades have removed many barriers to foreign investment, and the World Bank in 2005 praised New Zealand as being the most business – friendly country in the world, before Singapore. Social Factors: The first release of data from the 2010 New Zealand General Social Survey showed that: New Zealanders have relatively high levels of overall life satisfaction. In the survey, 87 percent of the population reported they were ‘satisfied’ or ‘very satisfied’ with their lives overall. However, satisfaction with life varied across different groups within the population, in particular when looking at people’s labour force status, stage in life, household income, and the type of family they live in. Technological Factors: As a Western country, New Zealand has a proactive, creative and skilled labor. They have the worlds leading educational institutions; a highly educated population with graduate level is increasing. English is the main language of New Zealand. New Zealanders also have excellent quality of soft skills, professional ethics and the spirit of daring to do famous. Technology includes: * processes/systems (operational) * machinery * intellectual property * IT systems. The technology or business skills must be introduced into New Zealand as a result of the investment they must not already be in New Zealand. PEST analysis for China Political Analysis: China is communist country but it is transforming into democratic form of government. The Chinese government has, in the past, strongly controlled such things as prices, markets, products, foreign assets, and personal assets. However, during the past decade, the Chinese government has chosen to open their markets to world investors and to create laws and regulations more in line with the World Trade Center guidelines. This change in philosophy has encouraged foreign investment in China. However, regardless of the recent move towards an open market, the Chinese socialist political environment should remain a key risk factor in any potential expansion. There is only one party in china which is communist party of china. As there is only one party ruling the country so there is stability in the country which is very necessary for business activities. The stability in the country attracts foreign investments in the country. The government also provides different incentives and securities to the new businesses. For example government can declare certain area tax free and thus attracting new investors in the country. The laws are a bit complex for the new investors. But if the new investment Is approved then it will be a successful business. Economic Analysis: Chinas economy is huge and expanding rapidly. In the last 30 years, the rate of Chinese economic growth has been almost miraculous, averaging 8 percent growth in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per annum. The economy has grown more than 10 times during that period, with Chinese GDP reaching 3. 42 trillion US dollars in 2007. China already has the biggest economy after the United States and most analysts predict China will become the largest economy in the world this century. China is a very good market for the investors to invest and earn profits. Both the industry and agriculture sector provides opportunities to the investors to invest. Inflation rate (consumer prices): The inflation rate in china is 5%. The inflation is very much low and it is in single figure. The prices of commodities are low in china. And this figure is also a controlled one. Central bank discount rate: 2. 79% (December 2009) This is a very good sign for the investors as the financing would be easy and funds can be generated if needed. As the rate is very lower so the expected inflation rate is also low which means that more employment. Social Factors: Chinas spectacular economic growth-averaging 8% or more annually over the past two decades-has produced an impressive increase in the standard of living for hundreds of millions of Chinese citizens. At the same time, this economic development has had severe ramifications for the natural environment. There has been a dramatic increase in the demand for natural resources of all kinds, including water, land and energy. The population growth of china is high and government is taking steps to control this growth of the population. The population growth rate of the country is 0. 94%. The 72. 1% of the population is 15-64 years which is the main target population for the businesses. Technological Factors: The history of science and technology in China is both long and rich with many contributions to science and technology. THE end of cheap China is at hand. Blue-collar labour costs in Guangdong and other coastal hubs have been rising at double-digit rates for a decade. Workers in the hinter land, too, are demanding—and receiving—huge pay increases. China is no longer a place where manufacturers can go to find ultra-cheap hands. Contrary to conventional wisdom, it will not mean that companies close their Chinese factories and stampede to somewhere poorer. China is still a terrific place to make things. Labour may be cheaper elsewhere, but it is only one cost among several. Unlike its lower-paying rivals, China has reasonable infrastructure, sophisticated supply chains and the advantage of scale. When demand surges for a particular product, the biggest firms in China can add thousands of extra workers to a production line in a matter of hours. Environmental Factors: Chinas development and environment practices have made the country one of the worlds leading contributors to regional and global environmental problems, including acid rain, ozone depletion, global climate change, and biodiversity loss. Environmental degradation and pollution in China also pose challenges well beyond those to the natural environment. The ramifications for the social and economic welfare of the Chinese people are substantial. Public health problems, mass migration, forced resettlement, and social unrest are all the consequence of a failure to integrate environmental considerations into development efforts effectively. Sacrificing environmental needs, such as trees, for economic gain. PESTE analysis Philippines Political analysis The Philippines’ diverse population, which speaks more than 80 languages and dialects, is spread over 7,000 islands in the Western Pacific Ocean. The country returned to democracy in 1986 after two decades of autocratic rule. President Benigno Aquino III took office in 2010 with a mandate to address pervasive government corruption. Economic analysis Despite the challenging global economic environment, the Philippine economy has been on a steady path of economic expansion. The government has pursued a series of legislative reforms to enhance the entrepreneurial environment and develop a stronger private sector to generate broader-based job growth. Overall progress has been gradual, but regulatory efficiency has been notably enhanced. The economy has expanded at an average annual rate of close to 5 percent over the past five years. The economy of the Philippines is hampered by huge foreign debt, a low savings rate, inefficient tax collection, inadequate infrastructure , especially outside major cities, and poor agricultural performance. The Philippine economy is vulnerable to oil-price increases, interest-rate shifts by the U. S. Federal Reserve, and the performance of international stock exchanges. Social Factors: Social factors that have a negative impact on the economy include a high crime rate, especially kidnappings and rape, pockets of Communist rebels in rural areas, threats from Muslim separatist movements, high rates of poverty and unemployment, and the governments inability to begin its land-distribution program. Environmental factors also damage economic development, including frequent typhoons and drought. Worker productivity is adversely affected by illnesses brought on by air and water pollution. In metropolitan Manila alone, the effect of pollution on health and labor productivity has been estimated to be equal to a loss of about 1 percent of gross national product annually. Technological Factors: In todays fast paced world, the need to operate globally and without boundaries has increased the abilities and expectations for technology. Information technology, being the theme on everyones mind throughout the last decades is still reaching new levels. The new and tremendous dvancements in telecommunication technology in the new millennium were the milestone for the outsourcing of service activities that were about to penetrate the Philippines. The country has a lot of highly skilled IT people and the IT infrastructure and supports are very advanced. Therefore, the technology allows products and services to be made significantly cheaper than in domestic markets, and yet maintain at lea st the same quality. The employees are working at wages approximately 400% smaller than in Europe but the final results they deliver are hard to distinguish from the European ones. The cheap costs also give the possibility to be more flexible and take risks because there is not much to lose. It is easy foreigners who did not really have beliefs or big plans for their businesses but they thought it would be fun to run a company without seriously endangering your budget. Environment Factors: The Philippines is prone to natural disasters, particularly typhoons, floods, landslides, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tsunamis, lying as it does astride the typhoon belt, in the active volcanic region known as the â€Å"Pacific Ring of Fire,† and in the geologically unstable region between the Pacific and Eurasian tectonic plates. The Philippines also suffers major human-caused environmental degradation aggravated by a high annual population growth rate, including loss of agricultural lands, deforestation, soil erosion, air and water pollution, improper disposal of solid and toxic wastes, loss of coral reefs, mismanagement and abuse of coastal resources, and overfishing. According to Greenpeace SouthEast Asia, the Philippines major historical river, the Pasig River is now biologically dead due to negligence and industrialization. Currently, the Philippines Department of Environment and Natural Resources has been busy tracking down illegal loggers and been spearheading projects to preserve the quality of many remaining rivers that are not yet polluted. Conclusion: By using the PESTEL framework we analyzed the many different factors in a firms macro environment. In some cases particular issues may fit in several categories. The PESTEL Factors in China appears in several categories, we simply make a decision of where we think it best belongs. We think that to export in China will have the greatest impact. We have made a SWOT analysis, which proves that China would be the best market to export in. 6. SWOT Analyses SWOT analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses/Limitations, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project or in a business venture. It involves specifying the objective of the business venture or project and identifying the internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to achieve that objective. So concerning our previous explanations and answers to themes in analyses, we came up with the following SWOT analyses: 7. Business Law Contract for the International Sales of Goods (CISG): CISG stands for contract of sale of goods, the convention applies when the buyer and seller have their place of business in different states and when the parties are from contracting states . As Royal Greenland Company is going to sell its product to China from Denmark. At the same time, China is approved to apply CISG, but Denmark is not agreed with the CISG Law. So there are two conditions: ?Royal Greenland company (seller)—the buyer in China: If the two parties did not agree about which law is to apply, then the rule of seller? s country shall apply. So in this situation, the rule of the Denmark should apply, as the Danish law mentions that the CISG takes precedence in international sales. So if the Royal Greenland Company is seller and the buyer is in China, then the CISG should be applied. ?Royal Greenland company (buyer)—the suppliers in China: It is also about the sales of goods, the rule of seller? s country shall apply, and as the China is not approved the CISG. So the law from the China shall be applied if the Royal Greenland is buyer and the supplier is from China. Performance is the fulfillment of a promise in the contract. Many issues can arise in a sales contract after the contract is made and before a partys performance is required. Sometimes performance may be made impracticable. If the goods are completely destroyed before the risk of loss has passed to the oversea buyer, and the goods have not been destroyed through the fault of either party, Royal Greenland may be excused from performing. Risk of loss is responsibility for any damage or destruction of goods; the parties may decide in the contract when the risk of loss of the goods passes from Royal Greenland to the buyer. If the goods are only partially destroyed or have deteriorated, the buyer may demand to inspect the goods and either void the contract or accept the goods with a reduction in the contract price. Royal Greenland may avoid performing only if the destroyed goods were specifically identified when the sale was made. There are two situations in which a party must make a substituted performance in case the agreed method of performance becomes impracticable. First, when the goods cannot be transported by the agreed-upon method of transportation, Royal Greenland must use available transportation that is a commercially reasonable substitute. Second, if an agreed-upon method of payment fails, the buyer must use a commercially reasonable substitute method of payment if one is available. If a party fails to substitute transportation or payment, she could be liable to the other party for losses resulting from the failure. In some cases the purpose of a sale may be frustrated by circunstances beyond the control of both buyer and seller. At times it may appear to a party that the other party will be unable to perform by the expected date. For example, assume that a party agrees to sell goods on credit. If the buyer becomes financially insolvent before the goods are delivered, the seller may demand cash before delivering the goods. If the goods are in transit, the seller may instruct the carrier to withhold delivery of the goods. A party is considered insolvent if she cannot pay debts as they come due, has ceased to pay debts, or has liabilities that exceed assets. If a party has reasonable grounds to feel insecure about the other partys ability to perform, the insecure party may demand assurances before performing. Alternatively, if the other party gives the assurance, the concerned party must follow through on his obligations. Precisely what constitutes an effective assurance is a question of fact that depends on the nature of the goods, the size of the contract, the length of time until performance, and similar considerations. In any case a concerned party may not make commercially unreasonable demands on a party prior to performance and then withhold performance if the other party does not meet the demands. Delivery We think that there are two-clause suit for the Royal Greenland Company, one is F-clause, and the other is C-clause. ?F-clauses FOB (free on board). In this situation, the Royal Greenland must load the products on board the designed by the buyer in the China. The goods are delivered when they have been handed over to the first carrier designed by the buyer. The advantage of this rule is the transportation fees and the risk is shared by the Royal Greenland and the buyer in the China. FAS (free alongside Ship). In this situation, the Royal Greenland must deliver the goods to the specified spot; the goods and risk are delivered when they are placed alongside the ship. The advantage of this is that the seller don? t need to take the goods to the board. ?C-clauses CIF (cost insurance and freight). In the situation, the seller shall pay for marine insurance and costs all the way to the place of destination, the risk passed when goods are on board the ship in the dispatch port. For example, we deliver the products (named of) to China and we pay all the insurance and transportation fee until the products arrive to the place of destination, The advantage of this rule is although the Royal Greenland pay all the transportation fees and insurance fees but they have the lowest risk, if they got any damages during the transport the insurance company will pay all the losses. Seller? obligations (CISG) and Buyer? s obligations (CISG) ?The seller must: 1, Deliver the goods 2, Handover documents 3, Transfer rights of ownership of goods to the buyer The seller must deliver the right goods quantity and quantity at right place and at the time agreed in contract. And hand over the document that is necessary. Transfer rights of ownership of goods to the buyer, such as risk. There are many conditions: some risk is passed to buyer when the goods are hand over to the first independent carrier. Some risk passes to buyer when buyer at the time of receipt of the goods at the seller? s place of business. When the risk passes to buyer, it is depend on the which kind of transportation way that the seller and buyer choose. ?The buyer shall to take delivery of goods and pay the payment that has been agreed at the agreed time and place. Buyer? s remedies in the event of the seller? s breach of contract (CISG) There are also some remedies in the event of each parties breach the contract. First of all, we list several breaches from the seller, and remedies for the breach. When the sell breach a contract in case: 1. Delay 2. Defect 3. Defective title. The buyer can choose to: 1. Affirm 2. Cancel 3. And claim damages if a loss has been incurred. The buyer can also demand corrective performance, at the same time the seller has a right to correct also after the goods have been delivered. Seller? s remedies in the event of the buyer? s breach of contract (CISG) When the buyer breach a contract in case: 1. Not paying for the goods 2. Not taking delivery of the goods. In such cases happen, the seller has the rights to: 1. Affirm 2. Cancel 3. Claim damages. Conclusion It is benefit for the Royal Greenland Company to put then in a good position if they are similar with the CISG and doing the international sale with China. 8. Economics As attachment in appendix there is the study on investment table as well as the net-cash flow diagram. Anyway below is our conclusion: 9. Conclusion Royal Greenland A/S (Royal Greenland) is a Denmark based company operating in the provision of seafood products. It is one of the worlds biggest producers of coldwater shrimps and a market leader in a wide range of seafood products. The company, along with its subsidiaries is engaged in fishing, processing, production, marketing and distribution of seafood products. The core products of the company include prawn and shellfish products, fillet products, ready to eat products and smoked products. The company operates through a number of production sites across Greenland, Denmark, Germany and Poland, and sales offices in Europe, the US and Japan. Royal Greenland is headquartered at Nuuk in Denmark. Export to restaurants. In our assignment we decided after making an PESTEL analysis in 3 different countries from Far East, to export in China. Beside that we chose to export in the restaurant market. The reason why we chose to export in restaurants is, that restaurant is the largest segment of the profit foodservice sector in China, accounting for 94% of the sectors total value. The pubs, nightclubs and bars segment accounts for a further 1. 2% of the sector Market analysis. The Chinese profit foodservice sector displayed double digit growth over the 2007 to 2011 period. The sector is forecast to post healthy growth during the period up to 2016. In comparison, the Japanese sector will decline with a compound annual rate of change (CARC) of -0. 8%, and the Indian sector will increase with a CAGR of 17. 4%, over the same period, to reach respective values of $102. 8 billion and $58. 1 billion in 2011. Sector consumption volumes are forecast to increase with a CAGR of 3. % between 2007-2011, to reach a total of 115. 6 billion visits in 2011. The sectors volume is expected to rise to 133. 1 billion visits by the end of 2016, representing a CAGR of 2. 9% for the 2011-2016 period. The restaurants segment is expected to be the sectors most lucrative in 2011, with total revenue of $135. 5 billion, equivalent to 94% of the sectors overall value. The pubs, nightclubs and bars segment will contribute revenue of $1. 7 billion in 2011, equating to 1. 2% of the sectors aggregate value. Market value forecast In 2016, the Chinese profit foodservice sector is forecast to have a value of $236,162. 1 million, an increase of 63. 8% since 2011. Buyer power in the profit foodservice sector in China Buyers in the global profit foodservice sector are individual consumers, which are large in number but hold very little financial muscle independently. High transaction volumes mean that the impact of any one customer on revenues is usually small. The exception here can be in the case of premium-price, non-chain restaurants, whose business model relies on low-volume, high-margin sales. This lack of financial muscle minimizes the power of buyers, although they benefit from the lack of costs incurred by switching from one profit foodservice player to another. Profit foodservice is not strictly essential to consumers: they can backwards integrate by cooking their own food. Profit foodservice players have invested heavily in brand-building, especially in the low- and medium- price segments. The Uppsala model has described the internationalization of a firm as a process of experiential learning and incremental commitments which leads to an evolutionary development in a foreign market. Royal Greenland Export Royal Greenland A/S sales subsidiaries have been established on the most important markets i. e. in Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Sweden, the UK and the USA. The southern part of Asia is yet another potential sales subsidiary location. However, no matter where a subsidiary is placed, company policy dictates that it be managed by local staff to ensure the greatest insight into each countrys market, and dietary and cultural traditions a policy which has proven very rewarding. The Export Division sells about 65,000 t of high-quality products from a constantly expanding product range to 40 main markets all over the world. The divisions product development department ensures that customer demands concerning products and lines are made in consultation with Royal Greenland. Delivery reliability is equally ensured and realised through close collaboration with the Divisions colleagues in Greenland. Royal Greenland Development Royal Greenland Development was established in 1995 to offer its know-how and expertise to Third World fishery development projects. The divisions role is to participate in research fishing aimed at establishing what resources are at hand and to assist with product development and production. Further assistance in the form of raw materials and sales facilities may also be offered by the Division, which works in collaboration with internationally recognized aid organizations. Contracts have already been drawn up in India and Vietnam and business prospects are promising in China, Southeast Asia, Africa and South America. 11. Reference List Global Marketing – A Decision-Oriented Approach Fifth Edition, Svend Hollensen Business and Danish Law Book ttp://www. royalgreenland. com http://www. royalgreenland. com http://www. slideshare. net http://www. stats. govt. nz http://www. linz. govt. nz http://www. economywatch. com http://www. economist. com http://www. cfr. org http://www. heritage. org http://www. nationsencyclopedia. com http://en. wikipedia. org http://www. articlesbase. com [ 1 ]. The countries that are in Far East are: China, Hong Kong, Macau, Japan, Mongolia, North and South Korea, Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, Russia. Geographically, the Polynesian Triangle is drawn by connecting the points of Hawaii, New Zealand and Easter Island. The other main island groups located within the Polynesian Triangle are Samoa, Tonga, the Cook Islands, Tuvalu, Tokelau, Niue, Wallis and Futuna and French Polynesia. 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